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        <title>Arm - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</title>
        <link>https://evilpan.com/tags/arm/</link>
        <description>Arm - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</description>
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            <webMaster>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</webMaster><copyright>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2020 22:40:00 &#43;0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://evilpan.com/tags/arm/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
    <title>从STM32L4看ARM裸板的启动过程</title>
    <link>https://evilpan.com/2020/04/11/stm32-bare-metal/</link>
    <pubDate>Sat, 11 Apr 2020 22:40:00 &#43;0800</pubDate><author>
        <name>evilpan</name>
    </author><guid>https://evilpan.com/2020/04/11/stm32-bare-metal/</guid>
    <description><![CDATA[<p><em>Fundamental, fundamental, fundamental, &hellip;without the fundamental, all those fancy magics won&rsquo;t work.</em></p>
<p>有经验的程序员都知道源码需要进行编译、链接、封装，然后才能执行。那你知道如何为一块CPU编写并编译程序吗？知道编译后的程序如何写入MCU、并让CPU加载运行的吗？</p>
<h1 id="前言" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%89%8d%e8%a8%80" class="header-mark"></a>前言</h1><p>早先收到阿里云提供的<strong>Developer kit</strong>开发板，对他们的RTOS进行体验，就是下面这款：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/0.png'   alt="devkit.png"  ></p>
<p>不得不说，使用aos全家桶运行、烧写和调试代码都非常方便；而且最近看发现还支持<a href="https://aliosthings.iot.aliyun.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">最小化定制裁剪</a>，根据自己的需求下载对应的代码，算是咱256G小硬盘的福音了：）</p>
<p>不过今天不是分析阿里的RTOS(<code>AliOS Things</code>)，也不是把玩这块开发板，而是借助其中的MCU来探索下裸板的开发和运行之路。</p>
<h1 id="芯片分析" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%8a%af%e7%89%87%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90" class="header-mark"></a>芯片分析</h1><p>在开始为一块MCU编程之前，我们要做的第一件事就是先查看这个MCU的文档。例如，如果我们想写一个helloworld程序，那么就至少需要知道：</p>
<ol>
<li>MCU复位之后从哪启动，这决定了我们的main程序位置。</li>
<li>MCU内存映射，这是为了查看串口的地址空间。</li>
</ol>
<p>对于我们而言，手上的MCU型号是<code>STM32L496VGTx</code>，因此这些大部分都能在<a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32l496ae.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">stm32l496ae datasheet</a>中查看到。首先，在datasheet中我们知道STM32L496VGTx中的CPU是<code>ARM Cortex-M4</code>，内存SRAM为<strong>320KB</strong>，内部含有1MB的Flash。</p>
<h2 id="初始化" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%88%9d%e5%a7%8b%e5%8c%96" class="header-mark"></a>初始化</h2><p>根据ARM的文档中关于<a href="https://developer.arm.com/docs/dui0553/latest/the-cortex-m4-processor/exception-model/vector-table" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cortex-m4 中断向量表</a>的介绍，我们可以看到保存第一条指令地址的地址为<code>0x0004</code>：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/1.png'   alt="vec.png"  ></p>
<p>其中<code>0x0000</code>保存的是栈的地址。也就是说，CPU复位之后，会首先将0x0000地址的内容加载到栈寄存器sp中，然后将0x0004地址的内容加载并保存到指令寄存器pc中，然后才开始执行第一条指令。</p>
<p>CPU执行每条指令，本质上包含5步：<code>取指、译码、执行、访存、写回</code>。如果不影响状态，多条指令的5步可以交错，这就称为CPU的流水线，现代CPU都包含多级流水线的设计和其他的优化来提升执行速度。……扯远了，说这个主要是强调一点：CPU实际运行的第一条指令的地址为<code>*(addr *)0x0004</code>。而前面两条&quot;指令&quot;，即加载sp和加载pc，实际上是通过CPU硬件的有限状态机实现的。</p>
<h2 id="内存映射" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%86%85%e5%ad%98%e6%98%a0%e5%b0%84" class="header-mark"></a>内存映射</h2><p>还是在ARM的文档<a href="https://developer.arm.com/docs/dui0553/b/the-cortex-m4-processor/memory-model" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Memory-Model</a>中，可以看到我们的芯片内存映射的结构大致如下：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/2.png'   alt="mm.png"  ></p>
<p>在32位的寄存器下，有大约4GB的寻址空间。其中ARM只定义了一个大概的范围，地址空间的实际映射其实和厂商的设计有比较大的关系。比如在我们的<a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00083560-stm32l4x5-and-stm32l4x6-advanced-arm-based-32-bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">STM32L4 MCU</a>中，实际的映射如下：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/3.png'   alt="mm1.png"  ></p>
<p>需要注意的是flash地址空间，为<code>0x08000000 ~ 0x08100000</code>，大小为<code>0x10000</code>正好是datasheet中所说的1MB。还有就是APB的地址空间，因为APB总线通常是用来控制外设的，比如我们下面会用到的串口(UART)。</p>
<h1 id="the-code" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#the-code" class="header-mark"></a>The Code</h1><p>Talk is cheap，接下来就是实际的编码，我们的目标是在CPU上电启动后马上打印“HelloWorld”，没有其他多余的操作。</p>
<h2 id="程序骨架" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%a8%8b%e5%ba%8f%e9%aa%a8%e6%9e%b6" class="header-mark"></a>程序骨架</h2><p>在打印HelloWorld之前，我们先确保MCU能够正常启动并运行我们的代码。为此，需要正确编译和链接我们的程序。根据上面ARM初始化向量表的定义，我们先写个汇编文件<code>startup_m4.s</code>：</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-16" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">syntax</span> <span class="n">unified</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cpu</span> <span class="n">cortex</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m4</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">fpu</span> <span class="n">softvfp</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">thumb</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span> <span class="n">g_pfnVectors</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">global</span> <span class="n">Reset_Handler</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">section</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">text</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">Default_Handler</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">Infinite_Loop</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">b</span>   <span class="n">Infinite_Loop</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">Reset_Handler</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">ldr</span> <span class="n">sp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="n">stack_top</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">mov</span> <span class="n">r0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">#</span><span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">mov</span> <span class="n">r1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">#</span><span class="mi">1</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">mov</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">#</span><span class="mi">2</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">ror</span> <span class="n">r3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">r0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">#</span><span class="mi">2</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">_loop</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">add</span> <span class="n">r3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="err">#</span><span class="mi">1</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">B</span> <span class="n">_loop</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// ISR vecotor data
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">section</span> <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">isr_vector</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#34;a&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">g_pfnVectors</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">stack_top</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Reset_Handler</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// NMI
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// HardFault
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// MemManage
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// BusFault
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// UsageFault
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">	<span class="p">.</span><span class="n">word</span> <span class="n">Default_Handler</span> <span class="c1">// SVC
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="c1">// and a lot more ...
</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>Reset_Handler</code>是我们实际运行的第一条指令地址，其地址写在中断向量表的<code>0x04</code>偏移处。对于其他的中断处理程序，我们先简单放一部分到<code>Default_Handler</code>中。</p>
<h3 id="编译和链接" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%bc%96%e8%af%91%e5%92%8c%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5" class="header-mark"></a>编译和链接</h3><p>有了代码，还需要链接到对应的地址中，执行这项任务的就是linker脚本。通常我们使用ld时也会调用默认的linker脚本，可以通过<code>ld --verbose</code>命令查看，不过默认的链接脚本无法满足我们的需求，所以根据上面的文档，我们写一个简单的链接脚本<code>m4.ld</code>如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-17" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">ENTRY</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Reset_Handler</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">MEMORY</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">FLASH</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RX</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ORIGIN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0x08000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LENGTH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1024</span><span class="n">K</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">SRAM</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">RWX</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">ORIGIN</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0x20000000</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">LENGTH</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">320</span><span class="n">K</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">stack_top</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mh">0x20050000</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">SECTIONS</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="nl">isr_vector</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">ALIGN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="nf">KEEP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">isr_vector</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">ALIGN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">FLASH</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="nl">text</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">ALIGN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">ALIGN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">text_end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">.;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">FLASH</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="nl">data</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">SRAM</span> <span class="n">AT</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="n">FLASH</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span><span class="nl">bss</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(.</span><span class="n">bss</span> <span class="n">COMMON</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">SRAM</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">.</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">ALIGN</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>编译并链接我们的程序：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-18" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">arm-none-eabi-as startup_m4.s -g -o startup_m4.o
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">arm-none-eabi-ld -T m4.ld startup_m4.o -o startup.elf</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>最后生成的是ELF程序，为了在裸板上运行，需要将无用的信息去掉，只保留纯粹的代码和数据：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-19" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary startup.elf startup.bin</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>如果想要了解更多链接脚本的语法和含义，可以参考官方的文档——<a href="http://www.scoberlin.de/content/media/http/informatik/gcc_docs/ld_3.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Linker Scripts</a>。</p>
<h3 id="烧写和调试" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%83%a7%e5%86%99%e5%92%8c%e8%b0%83%e8%af%95" class="header-mark"></a>烧写和调试</h3><p>有了<code>starup.bin</code>之后，就可以使用对应的接口写入Flash，对于我们这块开发板引出的接口是ST-LINK，所以可以直接使用stlink程序来写，前面说了Flash地址为<code>0x08000000</code>：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-20" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">st-flash --reset write startup.bin 0x08000000</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>当然，你也可以使用其他工具，比如我最喜欢的<a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/openocd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">OpenOCD</a>。使用openocd需要自己对接口进行适配，其中包含了很多预置的配置，例如对于我们手上的开发板，可以使用以下配置：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">tcl</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-21" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">source</span> <span class="k">[</span><span class="nv">find</span> interface<span class="o">/</span>stlink.cfg<span class="k">]</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">transport</span> select hla_swd
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">source</span> <span class="k">[</span><span class="nv">find</span> target<span class="o">/</span>stm32l4x.cfg<span class="k">]</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nv">reset_config</span> srst_only</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>值得一提的是，openocd的配置使用的是裁剪过的TCL语言，使用前可以花一两个小时先了解下。</p>
<p>OpenOCD中内置了gdbserver，不过如果你用openOCD+gef进行调试的话，很可能会遇到错误。经过查看代码和相关的资料，我发现openocd的gdbserver会将程序状态字寄存器命名为xPSR而不是传统的cpsr，所以我写了个gdb脚本解决这个问题：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-22" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">set</span> remote hardware-breakpoint-limit <span class="m">6</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nb">set</span> remote hardware-watchpoint-limit <span class="m">4</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># openOCD-gdbserver name $cpsr as $xPSR, make gef known about it</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">pi current_arch.all_registers <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;$r0&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r1&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r2&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r3&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r4&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r5&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r6&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r7&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r8&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r9&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r10&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r11&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$r12&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$sp&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$lr&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$pc&#39;</span>, <span class="s1">&#39;$xPSR&#39;</span><span class="o">]</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">pi current_arch.flag_register <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;$xPSR&#39;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">reset-cache
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># ignore stack</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">gef config context.layout <span class="s2">&#34;legend regs code args source memory threads trace extra&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">target extend :3333</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>烧写成功后复位使用JTAG接口进行调试，可以看到进入了我们的程序中：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/4.png'   alt="jtag.png"  ></p>
<blockquote>
  <p>PS：由于我们的大部分中断都没有处理，所以单步调试触发中断后程序很可能跑飞：）</p>
</blockquote><h3 id="固件逆向" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%9b%ba%e4%bb%b6%e9%80%86%e5%90%91" class="header-mark"></a>固件逆向</h3><p>说句题外话，生成的<code>starup.bin</code>就是我们常说的固件，实际上在逆向分析时从flash读出来的数据也就是这个格式，从<code>0x00</code>地址开始。比如，分析这个固件的时候通常使用的方法是：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-23" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
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      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">r2 -n -a arm -b <span class="m">16</span> -m 0x08000000 startup.bin</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>其他工具也可以用类似的方法将首地址rebase进行分析，但关键是要知道对应芯片的中断向量表定义，这样才能找到真正的入口函数。</p>
<h2 id="helloworld" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#helloworld" class="header-mark"></a>HelloWorld</h2><p>现在有了骨架，可以实现真正的功能了。在操作系统中，我们<code>printf(&quot;hello world&quot;)</code>本质上是经过系统调用让内核把数据写到标准输出，但是在裸板上可没那么方便，一切都要自己操作。</p>
<p>打印数据到串口的功能通过UART实现，而UART是连接在CPU的APB总线上的。在软件上向UART发送数据实际上是通过向APB总线发送数据到UART硬件对应的接口，发送数据的操作通过将APB总线的读写映射为MMIO实现，简单来说就是通过CPU向内存读写数据实现总线上的读写操作。</p>
<p>在前面的图片中我们能看到APB总线的MMIO映射地址为<code>0x40000000</code>，那么UART在哪个地址呢？可以通过<a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/application_note/dm00476869-migrating-from-stm32l4-and-stm32l4-series-to-stm32l5-series-microcontrollers-stmicroelectronics.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">STM32的应用文档</a>中查看；或者更简单地，直接查看STM32的驱动文件<code>stm32l496xx.h</code>：</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-24" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define PERIPH_BASE           (0x40000000UL) </span><span class="cm">/*!&lt; Peripheral base address */</span><span class="cp">
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="p">...</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">/*!&lt; Peripheral memory map */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define APB1PERIPH_BASE        PERIPH_BASE
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define APB2PERIPH_BASE       (PERIPH_BASE + 0x00010000UL)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="p">...</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">/*!&lt; APB1 peripherals */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART2_BASE           (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x4400UL)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART3_BASE           (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x4800UL)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define LPUART1_BASE          (APB1PERIPH_BASE + 0x8000U)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="p">..</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">/*!&lt; APB2 peripherals */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART1_BASE           (APB2PERIPH_BASE + 0x3800UL)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>  
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART2              ((USART_TypeDef *) USART2_BASE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART3              ((USART_TypeDef *) USART3_BASE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define UART4               ((USART_TypeDef *) UART4_BASE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define UART5               ((USART_TypeDef *) UART5_BASE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define LPUART1             ((USART_TypeDef *) LPUART1_BASE)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define USART1              ((USART_TypeDef *) USART1_BASE)</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>在stm32l496xx中，APB总线连接了6个串口，起始地址分别是：</p>
<ul>
<li>USART1, 0x40013800</li>
<li>USART2, 0x40004400</li>
<li>USART3, 0x40004800</li>
<li>&hellip;.</li>
</ul>
<p>UART地址空间的定义是：</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-25" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">/**
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">  * @brief Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">  */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="k">struct</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">CR1</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Control register 1,                 Address offset: 0x00 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">CR2</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Control register 2,                 Address offset: 0x04 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">CR3</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Control register 3,                 Address offset: 0x08 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">BRR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Baud rate register,                 Address offset: 0x0C */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint16_t</span> <span class="n">GTPR</span><span class="p">;</span>        <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Guard time and prescaler register,  Address offset: 0x10 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uint16_t</span>  <span class="n">RESERVED2</span><span class="p">;</span>       <span class="cm">/*!&lt; Reserved, 0x12                                                 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">RTOR</span><span class="p">;</span>        <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Receiver Time Out register,         Address offset: 0x14 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint16_t</span> <span class="n">RQR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Request register,                   Address offset: 0x18 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uint16_t</span>  <span class="n">RESERVED3</span><span class="p">;</span>       <span class="cm">/*!&lt; Reserved, 0x1A                                                 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">ISR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Interrupt and status register,      Address offset: 0x1C */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">ICR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Interrupt flag Clear register,      Address offset: 0x20 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint16_t</span> <span class="n">RDR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Receive Data register,              Address offset: 0x24 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uint16_t</span>  <span class="n">RESERVED4</span><span class="p">;</span>       <span class="cm">/*!&lt; Reserved, 0x26                                                 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">__IO</span> <span class="kt">uint16_t</span> <span class="n">TDR</span><span class="p">;</span>         <span class="cm">/*!&lt; USART Transmit Data register,             Address offset: 0x28 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uint16_t</span>  <span class="n">RESERVED5</span><span class="p">;</span>       <span class="cm">/*!&lt; Reserved, 0x2A                                                 */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">USART_TypeDef</span><span class="p">;</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>对应硬件接口：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-04-11-stm32-bare-metal/5.png'   alt="usart.png"  ></p>
<p>软件中对UART的读写主要通过对UART本身的寄存器操作实现，例如向串口写一个字节就是：<code>USART-&gt;TDR = 0x41</code>，具体的写入内容根据型号有所差异，在<code>STM32F4XX</code>的驱动中相关代码如下：</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-26" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/**
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    * @brief  Transmits single data through the USARTx peripheral.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    * @param  USARTx: where x can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 to select the USART or
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    *         UART peripheral.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    * @param  Data: the data to transmit.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    * @retval None
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">    */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">USART_SendData</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">USART_TypeDef</span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">USARTx</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">uint16_t</span> <span class="n">Data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* Check the parameters */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">assert_param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">IS_USART_ALL_PERIPH</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">USARTx</span><span class="p">));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">assert_param</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">IS_USART_DATA</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Data</span><span class="p">));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* Transmit Data */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">USARTx</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">DR</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Data</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">uint16_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="mh">0x01FF</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>对于我们STM32L4XX的MCU，在官方的cube中代码实现为<code>stm32l4xx_cube/Drivers/STM32L4xx_HAL_Driver/Src/stm32l4xx_hal_uart.c</code>的<code>HAL_UART_Transmit</code>函数，虽然相对复杂，但本质上也大同小异。</p>
<p>实际上在MCU中printf和puts等函数的实现都是通过逐字节写入UART寄存器实现的。所以我们新建一个c文件并定义最简单的print函数如下：</p>
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        class="
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
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          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-27" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// hello_m4.c
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">volatile</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="n">UART_TDR</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="mh">0x40008028</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// LPUART1-&gt;TDR
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">my_print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">while</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="sc">&#39;\0&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">UART_TDR</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">my_entry</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">my_print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#34;hello world!</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">for</span><span class="p">(;;);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>然后在之前的<code>Reset_Handler</code>稍加修改，令其跳转到我们的主程序执行：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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          tw-hidden 
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          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-28" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nl">Reset_Handler</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">ldr</span> <span class="n">sp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">=</span><span class="n">stack_top</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">bl</span> <span class="n">my_entry</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>最后编译并重新链接：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-29" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -O0 -mcpu=cortex-m4 -g hello_m4.c -o hello_m4.o
arm-none-eabi-ld -T m4.ld hello_m4.o startup_m4.o -o hello_m4.elf</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>监听串口的数据并重新烧写，一个硬核的HelloWorld就完成了！</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

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        class="
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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      <button 
        class="
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          tw-mx-2 
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-30" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
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      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ miniterm /dev/ttyACM0 <span class="m">115200</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">--- Miniterm on /dev/ttyACM0  115200,8,N,1 ---
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">--- Quit: Ctrl+<span class="o">]</span> <span class="p">|</span> Menu: Ctrl+T <span class="p">|</span> Help: Ctrl+T followed by Ctrl+H ---
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">hello world!</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<blockquote>
  <p>如果串口是USART而不是UART，那么可能需要经过一些额外的配置，具体可以参考<a href="https://www.edn.com/usart-vs-uart-know-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">USART vs UART: Know the difference</a>。</p>
</blockquote><p>在实际工程中，真正进入用户程序之前需要初始化好各个硬件外设，配置好基本的中断处理程序。这部分代码一般是由MCU vendor提供的，作为Bootloader(Boot ROM)固化。当然我们这里是绕过MCU直接针对CPU编写程序，以展示软硬件之间的微妙联系。</p>
<h1 id="后记" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%90%8e%e8%ae%b0" class="header-mark"></a>后记</h1><p>本文主要介绍了CPU上电从硬件到软件的启动过程，其中一个关键概念就是中断向量表，这是所有First Stage Bootloader都需要理解和实现的地方。此外还介绍了如何通过控制串口在裸机上实现了一简单的HelloWorld应用，这实际上是一个简化的外设驱动，即通过总线读写外设寄存器来封装外部硬件的调用，这部分代码在内核中也是相当常见的。</p>
<h1 id="参考资料" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%8f%82%e8%80%83%e8%b5%84%e6%96%99" class="header-mark"></a>参考资料</h1><ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.arm.com/docs/dui0553/latest/the-cortex-m4-processor/exception-model/vector-table" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ARM datasheet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.st.com/resource/en/application_note/dm00476869-migrating-from-stm32l4-and-stm32l4-series-to-stm32l5-series-microcontrollers-stmicroelectronics.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">STM32L4XX datasheet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.scoberlin.de/content/media/http/informatik/gcc_docs/ld_3.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">GNU linker script</a></li>
<li><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/openocd/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">OpenOCD &ndash; Open On Chip Debugger</a></li>
<li><a href="https://balau82.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/simplest-bare-metal-program-for-arm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">bare metal program for ARM926ej</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220040448/http://www.nommu.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NOMMU Linux</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
</item></channel>
</rss>
