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        <title>DNS - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</title>
        <link>https://evilpan.com/tags/dns/</link>
        <description>DNS - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</description>
        <generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator><language>zh-CN</language><managingEditor>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</managingEditor>
            <webMaster>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</webMaster><copyright>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sun, 08 Jan 2017 22:40:00 &#43;0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://evilpan.com/tags/dns/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
    <title>DNS 学习笔记</title>
    <link>https://evilpan.com/2017/01/08/dns-fundamentals/</link>
    <pubDate>Sun, 08 Jan 2017 22:40:00 &#43;0800</pubDate><author>
        <name>evilpan</name>
    </author><guid>https://evilpan.com/2017/01/08/dns-fundamentals/</guid>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>在互联网时代中,如果要问哪个应用层协议最重要的话,我想答案无疑是DNS.虽然我们每天都享受着DNS服务带来的便利,
却对它往往知之甚少.因此本文就来介绍一下DNS协议的工作流程,真正认识一下这个支撑着庞大互联网络的基础服务.</p>
<h2 id="前言" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%89%8d%e8%a8%80" class="header-mark"></a>前言</h2><p>DNS协议,全称为Domain Name System,即域名服务, 其功能描述起来很简单,就是将域名(网址)转换为IP地址.
可以想象为一个存储了全世界域名到IP的映射的服务器, 通过DNS请求查询获得IP地址. 然而事实上域名的
数量繁多,如果全部存放在一台服务器之上显然不合适. 因此对不同层级的域名往往需要在不同的域名服务器上查找,
直至找到最终的IP地址或者下一层级的域名服务器,是一个多次查找的过程.</p>
<h2 id="域名的分级" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d%e7%9a%84%e5%88%86%e7%ba%a7" class="header-mark"></a>域名的分级</h2><p>我们日常上网所输入的网址,格式例子为<code>http://www.pppan.net</code>,其中<code>www.pppan.net</code>就可以看作是域名.
实际上,域名是从右到左分级的,格式如下所示:</p>
<pre><code>主机名.次级域名.顶级域名.根域名
即:
host.sld.tld.root
</code></pre>
<p>以<code>www.pppan.net</code>为例,其完整的域名应该是‵www.pppan.net.root‵,由于全球的根域名都是<code>root</code>,因此根域名
部分常常忽略,因此可以写成<code>www.pppan.net.</code>(注意最后的点),</p>
<h3 id="根域名" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a0%b9%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d" class="header-mark"></a>根域名</h3><p>根域名通过根服务器进行解析, 根服务器对于每个请求告知顶级域名服务器的地址. 目前全世界一共有十三台根服务器,
由于不同国家或机构管理维护,分别坐落在如下的地方:</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2017-01-08-dns-fundamentals/0.png'   alt="root-servers"  ></p>
<p>可以看到其中没有一台是在中国境内的,不知道这是好事还是坏事呢? 呵呵.</p>
<h3 id="顶级域名" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e9%a1%b6%e7%ba%a7%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d" class="header-mark"></a>顶级域名</h3><p>顶级域名, 英文名为TLD(Top-Level Domains). 根据用途不同被分为两部分. 一部分称为通用顶级域名<code>gTLD(generic TLD)</code>,
如<code>.com, .net, .org, .biz, .info</code>等都是常见的通用顶级域名; 另一部分称为国别顶级域名<code>ccTLD(country side TLD)</code>,
ccTLD对应的国家拥有对应域名进行任何限制的权力,有的国家只允许本国公民注册ccTLD域名,不过其他国家的机构可以通过&quot;租&quot;
的方式来获得对应国家的ccTLD域名, 常见的ccTLD类型域名有<code>.cn, .us, .ru</code>等,还有些国家国别顶级域名因为有特殊的含义
而被批量租用的,如<code>.tv, .ws, .tk</code>等.</p>
<h3 id="次级域名" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%ac%a1%e7%ba%a7%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d" class="header-mark"></a>次级域名</h3><p>次级域名, 英文名为SLD(Sub-Level Domains), 通常又被称为二级域名. 这一级别的域名是用户可以向域名代理商进行注册的,
我们通常说的购买域名,就是买的次级域名.</p>
<h3 id="主机名" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e4%b8%bb%e6%9c%ba%e5%90%8d" class="header-mark"></a>主机名</h3><p>主机名(hostname), 为用户在自己的域中为服务器所分配的不同的名称. 常见的www就是一个主机名.</p>
<h2 id="域名查找" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d%e6%9f%a5%e6%89%be" class="header-mark"></a>域名查找</h2><p>当我们知道一个用名称表示的资源时,为了访问这个资源,我们就需要知道其地址, 这个地址通常也称为记录(records).
这个根据资源名称(域名)来查找地址的过程, 就称为DNS, DNS查找通常会经过下面四步:</p>
<ul>
<li>询问Resolver</li>
<li>询问根服务器</li>
<li>询问顶级域名服务器</li>
<li>询问次级域名服务器</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="resolver" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#resolver" class="header-mark"></a>Resolver</h3><p><code>resolver</code>就是我们常说的DNS服务器, 其作用是为我们提供域名服务器的地址. resolver的地址一般在我们接入网络的时候,
通过DHCP获得, 也可以手动指定resolver地址. 在Linux系统中可以查看<code>/etc/resolv.conf</code>文件查看resolver地址,
Windows则可以通过控制面板查看.</p>
<p>resolver通常有个<code>root-hints</code>文件, 其中硬编码了十三个根域名服务器的地址. 当我们向resolver发起DNS请求时,
resolver会<strong>同时</strong>向所有根域名服务器发出查找请求,并以最快返回的响应为结果执行下一步的操作. 实际上,
resolver会根据响应速度获得一个优先查找的根服务器,并将随后的查找都只向此根服务器进行请求. 当然,
优先服务器也有自己的更新机制,不过这是题外话了.</p>
<p>resolver获得根服务器的地址之后,通常还需要进行下一步的查询. 如果我们要查找的域名为<code>www.example.com</code>,
则还需要向根服务器查找com的顶级域名服务器,然后再查找次级域名服务器和主机名等.</p>
<h3 id="询问根服务器" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%af%a2%e9%97%ae%e6%a0%b9%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8" class="header-mark"></a>询问根服务器</h3><p>上面也说了,全球一共是三个根域名服务器,其中每一个都知道可以处理此次DNS请求的次级域名服务器的地址,
或者至少知道可以处理请求的下级的域名服务器地址.</p>
<p>一般来说,根服务器处理DNS请求,并且告诉resolver下一步应该去询问哪个顶级服务器. 不过如果根服务器识别出了
次级服务器的地址,就会把这个地址返回给resolver的.</p>
<h3 id="询问顶级域名服务器" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%af%a2%e9%97%ae%e9%a1%b6%e7%ba%a7%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8" class="header-mark"></a>询问顶级域名服务器</h3><p>如果上一步根服务器没有识别出次级域名服务器的地址,那么就会给resolver返回顶级服务器的地址,从而resolver
需要再次向顶级域名服务器发起查询.</p>
<p>顶级域名服务器收到查询请求后,会将可以真正解析此请求的次级域名服务器地址返回给resolver.</p>
<h3 id="询问次级域名服务器" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%af%a2%e9%97%ae%e6%ac%a1%e7%ba%a7%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8" class="header-mark"></a>询问次级域名服务器</h3><p>上一步resolver请求顶级域名服务器后,会收到返回,内容是下一步要查询的域名服务器的地址,
也就是次级域名服务器的地址. 于是resolver向次级域名服务器发起DNS查询请求, 次级域名
服务器接收到请求后即返回对应次级域名的IP地址.</p>
<p>值得一提的是,次级域名还有如下的别名:</p>
<ul>
<li>用户DNS名称服务器(User DNS name server)</li>
<li>权威名称服务器(Authoritative name server)</li>
</ul>
<p>其中后者更广为人知一些,因为SLD是查询到对应域名IP地址的最后一步(如果有的话), 而且这个域名服务器也负责
对应资源的DNS设置,如添加不同主机地址的记录等.</p>
<p>resolver从次级域名服务器获得了域名的IP地址,并将其返回给用户,只此便完成了一次DNS查询.</p>
<h2 id="域名查找实例" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%9f%9f%e5%90%8d%e6%9f%a5%e6%89%be%e5%ae%9e%e4%be%8b" class="header-mark"></a>域名查找实例</h2><p>纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行. 上面介绍了域名查找的一般流程之后, 我们就可以通过一次真实的DNS查找来
验证上述的过程. 在Linux环境下,有默认的<code>dig</code>命令可以进行DNS的查找和调试, 这里以域名<code>test.pppan.net</code>为例.
输入命令<code>dig +trace test.pppan.net</code>可以看到详细的查找过程.</p>
<h3 id="step-1" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#step-1" class="header-mark"></a>Step 1</h3><p>首先, 向用户的DNS服务器(resolver,这里是10.0.20.166)查询根域名服务器的地址(std query A a-m.root-servers.net),
其中A表示查询ipv4地址记录,AAAA表示查询ipv6地址, 在下一节详细介绍. 返回结果如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
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      <button 
        class="
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          tw-mx-2 
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-6" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
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      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>.			318381	IN	NS	j.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	k.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	l.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	m.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	a.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	b.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	c.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	d.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	e.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	f.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	g.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	h.root-servers.net.
.			318381	IN	NS	i.root-servers.net.
;; Received 811 bytes from 10.0.20.166#53(10.0.20.166) in 247 ms</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>可以看到,一共有13个根域名服务器,地址分别是<code>a-m.root-servers.net.</code>, 其中响应最快的根域名服务器是
<code>j.root-servers.net.</code></p>
<h3 id="step-2" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#step-2" class="header-mark"></a>Step 2</h3><p>然后, 向j-root-servers.net(192.58.128.30)发起查询请求(standard query  A test.pppan.net),
得到的返回如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-7" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>net.			172800	IN	NS	a.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	b.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	c.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	d.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	e.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	f.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	g.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	h.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	i.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	j.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	k.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	l.gtld-servers.net.
net.			172800	IN	NS	m.gtld-servers.net.
net.			86400	IN	DS	35886 8 2 7862B27F5F516EBE19680444D4CE5E762981931842C465F00236401D 8BD973EE
net.			86400	IN	RRSIG	DS 8 1 86400 20170121050000 20170108040000 61045 . Y6+Td6BUfPw5RgC2aWX/pvC6OgEl8rVd3SCPtg+/qdwHxRa4TM8ppZWU +nTSRNTwgXX1VWxJ8D7MNu4q8gLZZWxO1U+3Viw8WNSRdIou+s2fVwon IQVF9y0GGpLaKt8mwlOaeHO3O1HiGGpR50GTlNhxyx6eGYHu5581ugFm NTjogYmrcTy5Es70WH6NhQ1z7+rO8rcuo5ES7fJoZWr4Bekd7YntSxXx +WCwOcpf3muLGPC9yshNprA/c9Fam3WDpJLYPjmCp2l96GyrJcv4o9z9 gov5IV69HWQnCD9IGRIj/XG/JZerp6YIRGH8cnrVe3F87Hy95SkNWnYR lC5fIg==
;; Received 863 bytes from 192.58.128.30#53(j.root-servers.net) in 524 ms</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>并没有返回IP,而是返回了可以解析该域名的顶级域名地址, 由于是.net因此属于gTLD,
可以看到返回了多个顶级域名服务器(a-m.gtld-servers.net.)的地址.</p>
<h3 id="step-3" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#step-3" class="header-mark"></a>Step 3</h3><p>接着, 我们应该向返回的地址再次发起查询(standard query A test.pppan.net),
这次返回了次级域名服务器的地址,如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-8" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>pppan.net.		172800	IN	NS	ns01.freenom.com.
pppan.net.		172800	IN	NS	ns02.freenom.com.
pppan.net.		172800	IN	NS	ns03.freenom.com.
pppan.net.		172800	IN	NS	ns04.freenom.com.
A1RT98BS5QGC9NFI51S9HCI47ULJG6JH.net. 86400 IN NSEC3 1 1 0 - A1RUUFFJKCT2Q54P78F8EJGJ8JBK7I8B NS SOA RRSIG DNSKEY NSEC3PARAM
A1RT98BS5QGC9NFI51S9HCI47ULJG6JH.net. 86400 IN RRSIG NSEC3 8 2 86400 20170113060849 20170106045849 43880 net. WTfL5/hHBUsV2D5vusIP5KNSoiyfG4sG0GZQuBUqppWEY/WgZJ2wnnpk jjjfN5BlIExTuDyHclY2bXbiIqebcd1aVGp1ELUI7E5t3z7iCZmajPsT TLuLohKJmLC7b/OVdxoAuFoaIqj+GDsp2yDkXsem1IrfSOCbQlvJE9Ya xbQ=
OKR8BNVHVTI8CTK5KIDNJN546MJM5M16.net. 86400 IN NSEC3 1 1 0 - OKSF929IG7A7E1KLTJD5CF495DR06C54 NS DS RRSIG
OKR8BNVHVTI8CTK5KIDNJN546MJM5M16.net. 86400 IN RRSIG NSEC3 8 2 86400 20170113060546 20170106045546 43880 net. BGw3/vY9GzViJNHllwJkC1WB5XBtV9jzjy3LSA9I0zovOpVFHivHE01S r3YUtqAUuJ0LOJ4wrxBPwDRB0wTgbQdIO7dol2nQWuYujbxEbJ6AOWtR 7MTRhiG8BDn9LP06UWpUcWlsyywivKR70xCnamq3ZKeeI48dluRkVy9f lig=
;; Received 679 bytes from 192.33.14.30#53(b.gtld-servers.net) in 1813 ms</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>这一步返回可以看到, pppan.net所属的次级域名服务器是ns01-ns04.freenom.com, 因为我配置的就是这个地址.
但实际上可以自己在公网搭建这样一个次级域名服务器,只要可以解析出对应的hostname即可.</p>
<h3 id="step-4" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#step-4" class="header-mark"></a>Step 4</h3><p>最后,向ns01.freenom.com发起查询,便可以从响应中看到,已经找到了test.pppan.net的一条地址记录:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-9" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>test.pppan.net.		14440	IN	A	233.233.233.233
;; Received 59 bytes from 54.171.131.39#53(ns01.freenom.com) in 464 ms</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>因此便能得到本次DNS查询的结果, 即test.pppan.net的ip地址为233.233.233.233.</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>注: 对于用户而言,其实只进行一次DNS查询,即向resolver的查询,中间的过程由resolver进行按级查询,
并将最后查询到的结果返回给用户(如果有的话). 上面的查询由dig命令发起,因此和实际的查询过程还是有点小差别的.</p>
</blockquote><h2 id="记录类型" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%ae%b0%e5%bd%95%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b" class="header-mark"></a>记录类型</h2><p>从上面的示例中我们可以看到, 我们查询的记录类型为<code>A</code>或者<code>AAAA</code>, 返回的结果类型有<code>NS</code>,<code>DS</code>或者<code>A</code>等.
这些记录的类型在DNS协议中都有详细介绍,这里只解释几个常见的类型:</p>
<h3 id="a" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#a" class="header-mark"></a>A</h3><p>A记录(Address Mapping records), 指示了对应名称的IPv4地址, A记录用来将域名转换为ip地址.</p>
<h3 id="aaaa" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#aaaa" class="header-mark"></a>AAAA</h3><p>AAAA记录类似于A记录, 只不过指示的是IPv6的地址.</p>
<h3 id="ns" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#ns" class="header-mark"></a>NS</h3><p>NS记录(Name Server records), 用来指定对应名称的可信名称服务器(authoritative name server).</p>
<h3 id="ptr" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#ptr" class="header-mark"></a>PTR</h3><p>PTR记录(Reverse-lookup Pointer records), 和正向DNS解析(A/AAAA记录)相反, 主要用来根据IP地址查找对应的域名.</p>
<h3 id="cname" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#cname" class="header-mark"></a>CNAME</h3><p>CNAME记录即Canonical Name records, 用来指定一个新的域名用以完成本次查询.
当resolver查询过程中遇到一个CNAME记录时, 则会重新开始本次查询, 但是查询的域名会改为CNAME指定的域名.
举例来说,假如某次级域名服务器上有如下记录:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-10" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>NAME                    TYPE   VALUE
--------------------------------------------------
bar.example.com.        CNAME  foo.example.com.
foo.example.com.        A      192.0.2.23</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>则查询bar.example.com的时候, 会在resolver端转而查询foo.example.com,从而得到查询的地址为192.0.2.23,
可以看到其实CNAME就是一个别名, 但是增加了查找的步骤. 不过这在当我们想要把自己的某个域名当作某个外部
域名的别称时还是很有用的. CNAME也有使用限制, 比如记录值不可以是IP, 以及不可同时有其他同名的A记录等,
具体可以参考<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNAME_record" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">这里</a>.</p>
<h3 id="mx" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#mx" class="header-mark"></a>MX</h3><p>MX记录(Mail Exchanger records)为某个DNS域名指定了邮件交换的服务器. 这个记录信息由SMTP协议使用来将
邮件发送到正确的主机上. 通常对于一个域名有多个邮件交换服务器,并且他们之间都有对应的优先级.</p>
<h3 id="txt" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#txt" class="header-mark"></a>TXT</h3><p>TXT记录(text records)可以包含任意非格式化的文本信息, 通常这项记录被SPF框架(Sender Policy Framework)
用来防止发送给你的虚假邮件.</p>
<p>当然还有许多其他的记录类型, 不过相对而言没有那么常见. 需要了解的可以再深入查阅<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNS协议的白皮书</a>即可.</p>
<h2 id="后记" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%90%8e%e8%ae%b0" class="header-mark"></a>后记</h2><p>经过上面对于DNS服务的解释, 我们应该就能解决大部分日常遇到的DNS问题. 比如为什么电脑能上QQ却打不开网页啦,
为什么我的网站突然解析不出来啦; 或者有独立域名的还能实现一些好玩的功能, 比如创建恶作剧的查询记录,或者
搭建个人邮件服务器等. 毕竟DNS协议是我们日常直接或者间接所接触到的最多的协议, 花上几个小时了解一下它的
工作机制,我想应该也是挺有趣的吧.</p>
<h2 id="参考文章" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%8f%82%e8%80%83%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0" class="header-mark"></a>参考文章</h2><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1034.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rfc1034</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">rfc1035</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.integralist.co.uk/posts/dnsbasics.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dns basic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.petekeen.net/dns-the-good-parts" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNS the good part</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2016/06/dns.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">DNS原理入门</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
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