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        <title>Pwn - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</title>
        <link>https://evilpan.com/tags/pwn/</link>
        <description>Pwn - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</description>
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            <webMaster>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</webMaster><copyright>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sat, 30 Jul 2022 12:40:00 &#43;0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://evilpan.com/tags/pwn/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
    <title>IO_FILE 与高版本 glibc 中的漏洞利用技巧</title>
    <link>https://evilpan.com/2022/07/30/glibc-exp-tricks/</link>
    <pubDate>Sat, 30 Jul 2022 12:40:00 &#43;0800</pubDate><author>
        <name>evilpan</name>
    </author><guid>https://evilpan.com/2022/07/30/glibc-exp-tricks/</guid>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>Hacking glibc for fun and profit!</p>
<h1 id="前言" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%89%8d%e8%a8%80" class="header-mark"></a>前言</h1><p>在日常的二进制漏洞利用过程中，最终在获取到任意地址读写之都会面临一个问题: 要从哪里读，写到哪里去。对于信息泄露有很多方法，比如寻找一些数据结构在内存中残留的地址，可以是内部结构，也可以是用户定义的结构；相比而言，内存写原语的使用场景就相对有限了。因为在当今的系统安全纵深防护之下，代码和数据已经呈现了严格分离的趋势，可读可写可执行的历史遗留问题会逐渐退出历史舞台。更多的利用方法是关注代码重用(ROP)、可修改的函数指针、面向对象引入的多态调用等等。</p>
<p>具体的利用技巧和目标对象有直接联系，本文介绍的是基于 Glibc 的运行场景，也是当前很多 CTF 赛题所面临的场景。犹记得上古年代堆漏洞利用是那么单纯，先泄露 libc、然后 <code>free_hook</code> 写 <code>system</code>，然后 getshell。但随着 glibc 版本的更新，也逐渐引入了一些新的缓释措施，因此大家的目光就转向了其他的后利用链。其中 FILE 结构体虽然不是唯一的，但却是使用最多的，因此本文就来学习一下。</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>下文涉及源代码部分如无特殊说明均来自 <a href="https://github.com/bminor/glibc" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">glibc-2.35</a></p>
</blockquote><h1 id="file-101" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#file-101" class="header-mark"></a>FILE 101</h1><p>我们平时往输入输出读写数据的时候，也许是直接使用 glibc 对系统调用的浅封装 <code>open</code>、<code>read</code>、<code>write</code>，但更多时候也使用 <code>fopen</code>、<code>fread</code>、<code>printf</code> 等，而后者大多是 POSIX 标准的 IO 函数。这些函数主要围绕 <code>FILE</code> 结构体而操作，由 <code>fopen</code> 返回，也就是常说的 <code>_IO_FILE</code>:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-32" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE</span> <span class="n">FILE</span><span class="p">;</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="数据结构" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84" class="header-mark"></a>数据结构</h2><p>该结构体的定义如下所示:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-33" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">_flags</span><span class="p">;</span>       <span class="cm">/* High-order word is _IO_MAGIC; rest is flags. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/* The following pointers correspond to the C++ streambuf protocol. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_read_ptr</span><span class="p">;</span>   <span class="cm">/* Current read pointer */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_read_end</span><span class="p">;</span>   <span class="cm">/* End of get area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_read_base</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="cm">/* Start of putback+get area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* Start of put area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="cm">/* Current put pointer. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_write_end</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="cm">/* End of put area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_base</span><span class="p">;</span>   <span class="cm">/* Start of reserve area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_end</span><span class="p">;</span>    <span class="cm">/* End of reserve area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_save_base</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_backup_base</span><span class="p">;</span>  <span class="cm">/* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_save_end</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cm">/* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_marker</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_markers</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_chain</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">_fileno</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">};</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>作为一个管理 IO 流缓冲的数据结构，需要保存当前用户写入的内存，包括已经读出和写入的大小和剩余数量等，这些位置使用指针表示；当然也包括系统调用所需的文件句柄 <code>_fileno</code>；另外 <code>_flags</code> 用于指定当前文件流的属性，比如是否可读可写等。</p>
<p>虽然我们平时也会使用 <code>fopen</code> 打开并读写文件，但更多的情况下并没有显式操作 <code>FILE</code>，而是使用了标准库中定义的 <code>stdin</code>、<code>stdout</code> 和 <code>stderr</code> 宏去进行读写标准输入输出。这些值其实也是 <code>FILE</code> 指针:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-34" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">extern</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE_plus</span> <span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdin_</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">stdin</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdin_</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">stdout</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdout_</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">//...
</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>以 <code>stdin</code> 为例，虽然其类型是 <code>FILE *</code>，但实际类型却是 <code>_IO_2_1_stdin_</code> 的类型，即 <code>_IO_FILE_plus</code>:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-35" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE_plus</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="n">file</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vtable</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>该结构第一个元素包含的也是 <code>FILE</code>，因此可以进行强制类型转换。但末尾还多了个指针，一般这种模式常用于在 C 语言中实现面向对象(多态)调用，这个指针就作为虚函数表。该虚表的定义如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
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        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
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    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-36" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP_FIELD(TYPE, NAME) TYPE NAME
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">size_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__dummy</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">size_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__dummy2</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_finish_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__finish</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_overflow_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__overflow</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_underflow_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__underflow</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_underflow_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__uflow</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_pbackfail_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__pbackfail</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* showmany */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_xsputn_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__xsputn</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_xsgetn_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__xsgetn</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_seekoff_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__seekoff</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_seekpos_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__seekpos</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_setbuf_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__setbuf</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_sync_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__sync</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_doallocate_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__doallocate</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_read_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__read</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_write_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__write</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_seek_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__seek</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_close_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__close</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_stat_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__stat</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_showmanyc_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__showmanyc</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">JUMP_FIELD</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_imbue_t</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__imbue</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>包含了针对文件 read、write、close、sync 等操作的函数指针，列举其中两个函数原型:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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    tw-flex-1 
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    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
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        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-37" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="nf">ssize_t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_read_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">ssize_t</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="nf">ssize_t</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_write_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">ssize_t</span><span class="p">);</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="标准-io" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a0%87%e5%87%86-io" class="header-mark"></a>标准 I/O</h2><p>上面介绍了 <code>_IO_FILE</code> 中的相关基础结构，接着看一下关于标准输入输出的定义，如下所示:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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    <button 
      class="
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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        class="
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-block 
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          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
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    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-38" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"># define DEF_STDFILE(NAME, FD, CHAIN, FLAGS) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">  static _IO_lock_t _IO_stdfile_##FD##_lock = _IO_lock_initializer; \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">  static struct _IO_wide_data _IO_wide_data_##FD \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    = { ._wide_vtable = &amp;_IO_wfile_jumps }; \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">  struct _IO_FILE_plus NAME \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">    = {FILEBUF_LITERAL(CHAIN, FLAGS, FD, &amp;_IO_wide_data_##FD), \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">       &amp;_IO_file_jumps};
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">DEF_STDFILE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdin_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_NO_WRITES</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">DEF_STDFILE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdout_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdin_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_NO_READS</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">DEF_STDFILE</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stderr_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stdout_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_NO_READS</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">_IO_UNBUFFERED</span><span class="p">);</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>_IO_wide_data</code> 是针对宽字符的虚函数表，这里先不关心，重点关注的是对 <code>_IO_FILE_plus</code> 结构体末尾虚函数表的定义，可以看到三者都被定义为了全局的 <code>_IO_file_jumps</code>:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
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          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Copy code">
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
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        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-39" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define libio_vtable __attribute__ ((section (&#34;__libc_IO_vtables&#34;)))
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP_INIT(NAME, VALUE) VALUE
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP_INIT_DUMMY JUMP_INIT(dummy, 0), JUMP_INIT (dummy2, 0)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_jumps</span> <span class="n">libio_vtable</span> <span class="o">=</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">JUMP_INIT_DUMMY</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">finish</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_finish</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">overflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_overflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">underflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_underflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_uflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pbackfail</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_pbackfail</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsputn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_xsputn</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsgetn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_xsgetn</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seekoff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_new_file_seekoff</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seekpos</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_seekpos</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">setbuf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_new_file_setbuf</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_new_file_sync</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">doallocate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_doallocate</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_read</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_new_file_write</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_seek</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_close</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_file_stat</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">showmanyc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_showmanyc</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imbue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_imbue</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">libc_hidden_data_def</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_file_jumps</span><span class="p">)</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>并且，该全局虚函数表在 ELF 中使用单独的段 <code>__libc_IO_vtables</code> 进行标识:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
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    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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        class="
          wrap-code-button
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
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    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-40" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">root@pwnlab:/pwn$ rabin2 -S /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 <span class="p">|</span> grep __libc
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="m">16</span>  0x001baac0    0x1a01 0x001baac0    0x1a01 -r-x __libc_freeres_fn
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="m">27</span>  0x00214910      0xe8 0x00215910      0xe8 -rw- __libc_subfreeres
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="m">28</span>  0x002149f8       0x8 0x002159f8       0x8 -rw- __libc_atexit
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="m">29</span>  0x00214a00     0xd68 0x00215a00     0xd68 -rw- __libc_IO_vtables</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="文件链表" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e9%93%be%e8%a1%a8" class="header-mark"></a>文件链表</h2><p>开头介绍 FILE 数据结构的时候，有一个字段还没介绍，即 <code>struct _IO_FILE *_chain</code>。从名字上也可以猜测这个字段用于实现链表结构。在上节介绍 stdin/out/err 定义的时候看到:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>stdin-&gt;chain = 0</code></li>
<li><code>stdout-&gt;chain = &amp;stdin</code></li>
<li><code>stderr-&gt;chain = &amp;stdout</code></li>
</ul>
<p>最后还定义了一个全局的头部 <code>_IO_list_all</code>:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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    tw-flex-1 
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        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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        class="
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          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-41" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE_plus</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">_IO_list_all</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_2_1_stderr_</span><span class="p">;</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>从链表顺序可见，stdin 在链表尾部，stderr 在头部。实际在使用 <code>fopen</code> 打开新的文件流时，会经过一系列调用:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>fopen/fopen64</strong></li>
<li><code>_IO_new_fopen</code></li>
<li><code>__fopen_internal</code></li>
<li><code>_IO_new_file_init_internal</code></li>
<li><code>_IO_link_in</code></li>
</ul>
<p>最终将新创建的 FILE 结构体插入上述链表的<strong>头部</strong>:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-42" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">_IO_link_in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_FILE_plus</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">_IO_LINKED</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">|=</span> <span class="n">_IO_LINKED</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">_chain</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">_IO_list_all</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">_IO_list_all</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>所以说全局的 <code>_IO_list_all</code> 维护了当前 IO 库所打开的所有文件流。这是为了方便所有文件流进行迭代，比如在程序退出前需要清空缓冲区并执行关闭文件等操作，这在后文漏洞利用的过程中也会提到。</p>
<h2 id="文件读写" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e8%af%bb%e5%86%99" class="header-mark"></a>文件读写</h2><p>上面其实简要介绍了 fopen 的流程，文件读写的过程其实也类似，先看读文件的 <strong>fread</strong>，其调用链路为:</p>
<ul>
<li>fread</li>
<li><code>_IO_fread</code></li>
<li><code>_IO_sgetn</code></li>
<li><code>_IO_XSGETN</code></li>
</ul>
<p>其中 <code>_IO_XSGETN</code> 是一个宏，其定义如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
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        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-43" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      tw-duration-500 
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      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define _IO_XSGETN(FP, DATA, N) JUMP2 (__xsgetn, FP, DATA, N)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP0(FUNC, THIS) (_IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP1(FUNC, THIS, X1) (_IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP2(FUNC, THIS, X1, X2) (_IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1, X2)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP3(FUNC, THIS, X1,X2,X3) (_IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1,X2, X3)</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>JUMPn</code> 主要是跳转到 <code>vtable</code> 对应的字段获取动态函数地址，不同点主要在于参数个数。因此实际的文件读取流程都在 <code>_IO_file_xsgetn</code> 函数中，getn 表示从 <code>fp</code> 中读取 n 字节。具体实现代码太长就不复制了，可以简要概括如下:</p>
<ul>
<li>读取并不是直接读到给定的地址，而是先读到内部的缓存，由 <code>_IO_buf_base</code> 表示；</li>
<li>如果内部缓存还没分配，使用 <code>_IO_doallocbuf</code> 进行分配，会从相同的虚表中查找对应的 <code>__doallocate</code> 方法并执行；</li>
<li><code>_IO_file_doallocate</code> 内部会使用 <code>malloc</code> 分配缓存，默认大小是 8192；</li>
<li><code>_IO_buf_base</code> 指向缓存头部，<code>_IO_buf_end</code> 指向尾部(=p+size)；</li>
<li><code>_IO_read_ptr</code> 是缓存中有效数据的头部，<code>_IO_read_end</code> 是有效数据的尾部；</li>
<li>如果循环读取的某一刻缓存中的有效数据为空，会触发虚表中的 <code>_IO_file_underflow</code> 调用，判断文件是否已经关闭，如果关闭了就退出读取返回 EOF 给用户，否则继续等待数据；</li>
<li>最底层使用 <code>vtable-&gt;read</code> 即系统调用进行读取；</li>
</ul>
<p>文件写入的流程也大同小异，使用虚表中的 xsputn 即 <code>_IO_file_xsputn</code> 方法进行写入。在新版本 glibc 中使用了新的实现 <code>_IO_new_file_xsputn</code>。和 fread 的差异主要在于内存分配的过程，实际是在触发 <strong>overflow</strong> 调用的时候进行内存分配的，下面是一个实际的栈回溯示例:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-44" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>[#0] __GI___libc_malloc
[#1] __GI__IO_file_doallocate
[#2] __GI__IO_doallocbuf
[#3] _IO_new_file_overflow
[#4] _IO_new_file_xsputn
[#5] __GI__IO_fwrite
[#6] main</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>触发 overflow 表示内部缓存空间不足，此时会有几种不同的情况:</p>
<ol>
<li>缓存还未申请(<code>_IO_write_base == 0</code>)，此时直接申请；</li>
<li>当前已经有缓存，并且正在读取(<code>flags &amp; _IO_CURRENTLY_PUTTING == 0</code>)，此时需要调整对应的读写指针以腾出空间；</li>
<li>否则使用系统调用将数据写入到内核中，释放缓存空间压力；</li>
</ol>
<p>还有一个值得一提的是 <code>fclose</code>，其大致操作如下:</p>
<ul>
<li>将 FILE 指针从全局单链表中删除(<code>_IO_un_link</code>)；</li>
<li><code>vtable-&gt;finish</code>:
<ul>
<li>清空内部缓存(<code>vtable-&gt;flush</code>)；</li>
<li>关闭文件句柄(<code>vtable-&gt;close</code>)；</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>释放内部缓存(free)；</li>
<li>释放 FILE 结构体(free)；</li>
</ul>
<p>至此，完成了对 stdio 生命周期的简单分析。</p>
<h1 id="常见攻击" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%b8%b8%e8%a7%81%e6%94%bb%e5%87%bb" class="header-mark"></a>常见攻击</h1><p>从前面的介绍可以看出，FILE 结构体之所以是一个常用的攻击目标，是因为其中虚函数表中存在大量的函数指针，并且在程序正常执行的生命周期会触发其中许多方法的查找和执行。加上 stdin、stdout、stderr 这些全局指针的存在，使得一旦可以劫持虚函数查找中的任意一级流程，就可以实现控制流劫持，从而进一步实现任意代码执行。</p>
<p>具体而言又有不同的细分，笔者只根据自己的经验去总结了一些常见攻击方法，若有疏漏可以在文末评论指出。</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>下文中会将 <code>_IO_FILE_plus</code> 和 <code>FILE</code> 统称为 FILE 结构。</p>
</blockquote><h2 id="虚表劫持" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%99%9a%e8%a1%a8%e5%8a%ab%e6%8c%81" class="header-mark"></a>虚表劫持</h2><p>通过前面的代码可知，内存中的 stdin 等全局变量存放着 <code>_IO_2_1_stdin_</code> 等 FILE 结构体的<strong>地址</strong>，而且这个变量本身并不是 <code>const</code> 的，因此可以在运行中修改。攻击者一旦获取到内存任意读写的原语，就可以修改该变量，令其指向攻击者可控的内存中，并在内存里伪造一个 FILE 结构，从而让其中的 vtable 指向我们伪造的地址。最后在执行对应的 IO 操作时触发虚函数调用即可劫持 PC。</p>
<p>有一些细节需要注意，由于我们伪造了整个 FILE 结构，因此其中的每个字段都要保证不会影响正常运行。例如其中的最后一个字段 <code>_IO_lock_t *_lock</code>，需要是一个合法的指针，计数为 0 (表示未被占用)且可以修改，例如:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-45" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
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      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>gef➤  p *stdin._lock
$1 = {
  lock = 0x0,
  cnt = 0x0,
  owner = 0x0
}</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="fsop" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#fsop" class="header-mark"></a>FSOP</h2><p>上节说到所有打开的 FILE 结构都会被存放到全局的 <code>_IO_list_all</code> 链表里，并通过 <code>_chain</code> 字段作为链表的 next 指针。在 libc 中有个函数 <code>_IO_flush_all_lockp</code>，主要作用是遍历上述链表，并对其中的每个文件执行刷新缓存的操作:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-46" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">_IO_flush_all_lockp</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">do_lock</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">_IO_list_all</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_chain</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="n">run_fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">do_lock</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">_IO_flockfile</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(((</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_mode</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">       <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">_IO_vtable_offset</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">           <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_mode</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                    <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">       <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nf">_IO_OVERFLOW</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">do_lock</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">_IO_funlockfile</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="n">run_fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>也就是说会调用 <code>vtable-&gt;overflow</code> 方法。这个特性的好处是我们可以通过伪造链表的方式进行多次任意调用，从而实现类似 ROP 的调用链构造。当然根据 <code>&amp;&amp;</code> 的短路性质，所构造的 FILE 结构需要满足一些前置条件，一般是选择满足前者，即:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>fp-&gt;_mode &lt;= 0</code>，且</li>
<li><code>fp-&gt;_IO_write_ptr &gt; fp-&gt;_IO_write_base</code></li>
</ul>
<p>因为后者相对复杂且可能会有一些副作用。</p>
<p><code>_IO_flush_all_lockp</code> 在很多场景下都会被触发，比如:</p>
<ul>
<li>main 函数返回时</li>
<li>调用 <code>exit</code> 函数时</li>
<li>……</li>
</ul>
<p>因此可以在很多交互受限的场景下强行触发漏洞。下面是一个 <code>main</code> 函数退出时调用的栈回溯示例:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-47" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>[#0] → _IO_flush_all_lockp(do_lock=0x0)
[#1] → _IO_cleanup()
[#2] → __run_exit_handlers(status=0x0, listp=&lt;optimized out&gt;, run_list_atexit=0x1, run_dtors=0x1)
[#3] → __GI_exit(status=0)
[#4] → __libc_start_call_main
[#5] → __libc_start_main_impl
[#6] → _start()</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="io_validate_vtable" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#io_validate_vtable" class="header-mark"></a>IO_validate_vtable</h2><p>不管是虚表劫持还是 FSOP，在 glibc-2.24 之后都会遇到一个问题，即引入了针对虚表地址的额外判断:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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        class="
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          tw-mx-2 
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-48" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"># define _IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS) (IO_validate_vtable (_IO_JUMPS_FILE_plus (THIS)))
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kr">inline</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="o">*</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">IO_validate_vtable</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vtable</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/* Fast path: The vtable pointer is within the __libc_IO_vtables
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">     section.  */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uintptr_t</span> <span class="n">section_length</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">__stop___libc_IO_vtables</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">__start___libc_IO_vtables</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uintptr_t</span> <span class="n">ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">uintptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">vtable</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">uintptr_t</span> <span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ptr</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">uintptr_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">__start___libc_IO_vtables</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">__glibc_unlikely</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">offset</span> <span class="o">&gt;=</span> <span class="n">section_length</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/* The vtable pointer is not in the expected section.  Use the
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">       slow path, which will terminate the process if necessary.  */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">_IO_vtable_check</span> <span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">vtable</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>这是每次在查找虚表函数，即调用 <code>JUMPn</code> 时都会进行的检查，如果虚表地址不在对应段的范围，会额外进行一次 <code>_IO_vtable_check</code> 检查操作，如果不通过的话会直接 <code>__libc_fatal</code> 退出。</p>
<p>额外检查的目的是判断对应的 FILE 结构体是否在动态库的范围内，因为可能用户会跨动态库去调用外部方法。检查的实现主要如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
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        class="
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-49" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="n">attribute_hidden</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">_IO_vtable_check</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">flag</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">atomic_load_relaxed</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">IO_accept_foreign_vtables</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">PTR_DEMANGLE</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">flag</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">flag</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">_IO_vtable_check</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">Dl_info</span> <span class="n">di</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">link_map</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="nf">rtld_active</span> <span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="o">||</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">_dl_addr</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">_IO_vtable_check</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">di</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">l_ns</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">LM_ID_BASE</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">return</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">__libc_fatal</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#34;Fatal error: glibc detected an invalid stdio handle</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>其中 <a href="https://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/PointerEncryption" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PTR_DEMANGLE</a> 是 glibc 中引入的指针加密特性，目的就是为了提高攻击者修改指针劫持控制流的难度。</p>
<p>这个检查有效防止了修改虚函数表进行攻击的手法，因此业内又开始发掘其绕过方式或者其他的漏洞利用路径。</p>
<h3 id="修改数据指针" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e4%bf%ae%e6%94%b9%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e6%8c%87%e9%92%88" class="header-mark"></a>修改数据指针</h3><p>其中一种方法是不修改虚表，而是通过修改 FILE 结构体中的其他字段实现任意代码读写。其主要思路是通过这些字段扰乱 I/O 函数则正常执行流程。</p>
<p>对于 fwrite 而言，我们可以先将 <code>fileno</code> 改为 <code>1</code>(标准输出)，这样就可以在触发系统调用时将数据返回给我们，关键是如何设置系统调用的参数。在前面我们说过了，触发系统调用是通过虚表的 <code>vtable-&gt;write</code> 去实现的，所以我们主要看调用前的代码:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
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    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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        tw-flex
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        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
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          tw-mx-2 
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          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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        class="
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-50" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">_IO_new_file_overflow</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">ch</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/* If currently reading or no buffer allocated. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">_IO_CURRENTLY_PUTTING</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span> <span class="o">||</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ch</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">_IO_do_write</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">             <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_end</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="cm">/* Buffer is really full */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">_IO_do_flush</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>_io_do_write/flush</code> 都会将 write_base 至 write_ptr 之间的数据写入到 fp 中，因此只要将其设置为目标地址区间，就可以实现对应地址的信息泄露。不过需要注意的是前面的两个判断需要绕过，以减少调整内部缓存区域引起的副作用。</p>
<p>简单来说，通过修改以下字段即可实现任意内存地址泄露:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>_fileno</code> 设为 1；</li>
<li><code>_flag &amp;= ~_IO_NO_WRITES</code>，清除掉读字段，只需要往目标文件写内容；</li>
<li><code>_flag |= _IO_CURRENTLY_PUTTING</code>；添加该字段，绕过 overflow 的条件判断；</li>
<li>设置 <code>_IO_write_base</code> 为想要泄露的起始地址，<code>_IO_write_ptr</code> 为结束地址；</li>
<li>设置 <code>_IO_read_end</code> = <code>_IO_write_base</code>；</li>
</ul>
<p>最后一项是为了在 <code>do_write</code> 的时候防止 seek 扰乱内存:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-51" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">new_do_write</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">to_do</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">_IO_IS_APPENDING</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_offset</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">_IO_pos_BAD</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">else</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_end</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="c1">// seek
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">_IO_SYSWRITE</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">to_do</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>同样的思路也可以用在 fread 中实现任意地址写:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-52" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="nf">_IO_file_xsgetn</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// while (want &gt; 0)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="n">have</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_ptr</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">want</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">have</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="c1">// 直接拷贝缓存到目标地址
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="p">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>        <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_base</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="n">want</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">size_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_base</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">__underflow</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="k">continue</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">_IO_new_file_underflow</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">_IO_EOF_SEEN</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_flags</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span> <span class="n">_IO_NO_READS</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_ptr</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_end</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_ptr</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">_IO_SYSREAD</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_base</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_end</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_buf_base</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>如果我们想要从标准输入中写入，那么也只需要满足以下条件:</p>
<ul>
<li>设置 <code>_fileno</code> 为 0(标准输入)；</li>
<li>设置 <code>_flag &amp;= ~_IO_NO_READS</code>，绕过 underflow 中的判断；</li>
<li>设置 buf_base 和 buf_end 分别为要写入的目标起始和结束地址，即手动指定缓存。注意写入的大小要小于该缓存大小，否则缓存会被刷到 data 中导致写入数据混乱；</li>
<li>设置 read_base = read_ptr = NULL，这也是初次申请完缓存后 <code>_IO_default_setbuf</code> 设置的默认值；</li>
</ul>
<p>其本质上是手动对缓存进行”创建“，这样在写入伪造缓存的时候也就写到了手动指定的缓存地址，实现任意地址写入。</p>
<h3 id="虚表类型混淆" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e8%99%9a%e8%a1%a8%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b%e6%b7%b7%e6%b7%86" class="header-mark"></a>虚表类型混淆</h3><p>除了修改数据指针，还有另外一种绕过 vtable check 的方法。既然 vtable 的作用是多态调用，那么肯定不会只有一种实现，事实上也如此。</p>
<p>例如，在 glibc 的代码中，除了 <code>_IO_file_jumps</code> 这个虚表，还有 <code>_IO_str_jumps</code>，属于另外一种 IO 类型 <code>_IO_streambuf</code>，包含在 <code>_IO_strfile_</code> 结构中:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-53" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_fields</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/* These members are preserved for ABI compatibility.  The glibc
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">     implementation always calls malloc/free for user buffers if
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">     _IO_USER_BUF or _IO_FLAGS2_USER_WBUF are not set.  */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">_IO_alloc_type</span> <span class="n">_allocate_buffer_unused</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">_IO_free_type</span> <span class="n">_free_buffer_unused</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_streambuf</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="n">_f</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vtable</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_strfile_</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_streambuf</span> <span class="n">_sbf</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_fields</span> <span class="n">_s</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">_IO_strfile</span><span class="p">;</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>由于 <code>_IO_str_jumps</code> 这个虚表本来就在 glibc 中，因此是可以满足检查的:</p>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-54" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">const</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_jump_t</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_jumps</span> <span class="n">libio_vtable</span> <span class="o">=</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">JUMP_INIT_DUMMY</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">finish</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_finish</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">overflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_overflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">underflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_underflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">uflow</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_uflow</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pbackfail</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_pbackfail</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsputn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_xsputn</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xsgetn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_xsgetn</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seekoff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_str_seekoff</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seekpos</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_seekpos</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">setbuf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_setbuf</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sync</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_sync</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">doallocate</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_doallocate</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_read</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_write</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">seek</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_seek</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_close</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stat</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_stat</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">showmanyc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_showmanyc</span><span class="p">),</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">JUMP_INIT</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">imbue</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_IO_default_imbue</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">};</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>如果我们可以修改 stdin/stdout 虚表的值为该虚表地址，那么就可以利用不同的实现方法去构造后续的任意地址读写原语，这对于使用 file_jumps 虚表条件难以满足时可以作为一种迂回的实现方案。这里细节就不展开了，可以参考网上其他的相关文章:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://dhavalkapil.com/blogs/FILE-Structure-Exploitation/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">FILE Structure Exploitation (&lsquo;vtable&rsquo; check bypass)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://ctf-wiki.org/pwn/linux/user-mode/io-file/exploit-in-libc2.24/#_io_str_jumps-overflow" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">glibc 2.24 下 IO_FILE 的利用</a></li>
</ul>
<p>除了 str_jumps，其实在 glibc 中存在大量可选的虚表，在 GDB 中列举如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
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          tw-hidden
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
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          tw-select-none 
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        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-55" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
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      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>gef➤  info variables -t &#39;struct _IO_jump_t&#39;
All defined variables with type matching regular expression &#34;struct _IO_jump_t&#34; :

File ./libio/fileops.c:
1481:   const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_file_jumps_maybe_mmap;
1457:   const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_file_jumps_mmap;
1432:   const struct _IO_jump_t __GI__IO_file_jumps;

File ./libio/iofopncook.c:
111:    static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_cookie_jumps;

File ./libio/iopopen.c:
48:     static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_proc_jumps;

File ./libio/iovsprintf.c:
38:     static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_str_chk_jumps;

File ./libio/memstream.c:
36:     static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_mem_jumps;

File ./libio/obprintf.c:
93:     const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_obstack_jumps;

File ./libio/strops.c:
353:    const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_str_jumps;

File ./libio/vsnprintf.c:
67:     const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_strn_jumps;

File ./libio/vswprintf.c:
66:     const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_wstrn_jumps;

File ./libio/wfileops.c:
1071:   const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_wfile_jumps_maybe_mmap;
1047:   const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_wfile_jumps_mmap;
1021:   const struct _IO_jump_t __GI__IO_wfile_jumps;

File ./libio/wmemstream.c:
37:     static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_wmem_jumps;

File ./libio/wstrops.c:
362:    const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_wstr_jumps;

File ./stdio-common/vfprintf-internal.c:
2203:   static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_helper_jumps;</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>比如在 <a href="https://tradahacking.vn/hitcon-2017-ghost-in-the-heap-writeup-ee6384cd0b7?gi=17a7cf25c698" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HITCON 2017 : Ghost in The Heap Writeup</a> 中基于 <code>_IO_wstr_jumps</code> 虚表中的 <code>_IO_wstr_finish</code> 方法实现利用。它们原理都是大同小异的，只有一些细节上的差异。</p>
<h1 id="案例分析" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90" class="header-mark"></a>案例分析</h1><p>本节来介绍几种比较常见的的后利用技巧，虽然大部分都是在堆漏洞的场景下提出的，但其中的一些思路同样也可以适用于其他的漏洞。</p>
<h2 id="house-of-pig" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#house-of-pig" class="header-mark"></a>House of Pig</h2><p>这是一种针对分配受限情况下堆漏洞的利用方法，源于 <strong>XCTF 2021 final</strong>，因为是 rekapig 战队出的题所以交了这个名字。主要限制是程序使用 calloc 分配内存，不走 tcache 从而无法使用 <strong>tcache stashing unlink attack</strong> 将布局好的 fake chunk 申请出来。</p>
<p>在这种情况下要想继续成功攻击，可以利用 FILE 结构体中的 I/O 缓存特性，在第一次读/写的时候如果缓存没有初始化，会使用 malloc 进行申请。在对虚表的选择上，该利用方法使用了 <code>_IO_str_jumps</code> 作为伪造 FILE 结构的虚表地址，因为 <code>IO_str_overflow</code> 函数内会连续调用 malloc 、memcpy、free，并且这三个函数的参数都可以由 FILE 结构内的数据来控制。</p>
<p>因此只要先在堆上布局好合适的数据，就可以在触发 overflow 调用 malloc、memcpy、free 三连时触发 <code>__free_hook</code> 劫持并触发任意代码劫持。原始题目中因为使用的是 largebin，因此最初是通过 largebin 攻击将堆地址写入到 <code>_IO_list_all</code> 中，最后通过 <code>_IO_flush_all_lockp</code> 去触发 <code>IO_str_overflow</code> 的调用。</p>
<p>具体堆风水细节这里就不展开了，感兴趣的同学可以参考文末的链接。</p>
<h2 id="house-of-kiwi" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#house-of-kiwi" class="header-mark"></a>House of Kiwi</h2><p>虽然现在大多数堆漏洞还是通过修改 <code>__malloc_hook</code> 或者 <code>__free_hook</code> 去实现代码执行，但在新版本的 glibc 中已经去除掉了(这两个符号依然存在，但是相应的 hook 不会被执行)。而且很多程序中还加上了 seccomp 的沙盒，要求只能执行 read/write/open，这又进一步限制了 ROP 执行 shellcode 的能力。</p>
<p>另外一个限制是 main 函数不会返回，且退出调用的不是 <code>exit</code> 而是 <code>_exit</code>，后者并不会触发 <code>_IO_flush_all_lockp</code> 调用。因此这种利用方法的主要思路是通过 <code>__malloc_assert</code> 触发 <code>fflush(stderr)</code>，从而调用 <code>_IO_file_jumps.sync</code> 方法。</p>
<p>虽然原文章中所说的将 sync 地址修改为指定地址同样有 vtable 校验的限制，但这个通过断言去触发 I/O 刷新的操作还是值得借鉴的。我们可以通过堆风水修改 top chunk 大小去主动触发这个断言从而劫持控制流。</p>
<h2 id="house-of-emma" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#house-of-emma" class="header-mark"></a>House of Emma</h2><p>该漏洞利用方法同样是为了解决在 glibc-2.34 之后取消 malloc/free hook 导致无法劫持控制流的问题。前面说过 FILE 的 vtable 需要在合法范围，也给出了一系列已有的虚函数表定义，但并没说虚函数表就一定要是其中某一个，实际上只要在对应 section 区间内就可以。</p>
<p>因此，该作者提出了<strong>微偏移</strong>的概念，在原有的虚函数表前后进行微小偏移，这样就可以在触发虚函数调用的时候执行该范围内的任意函数。为此选择了 <code>_IO_cookie_jumps</code> 这个虚函数表，并以及其中的 <code>_IO_cookie_read</code>、<code>_IO_cookie_write</code> 等函数为目标，因为其中存在函数指针的使用:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
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    tw-flex-1 
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    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-56" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">ssize_t</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">_IO_cookie_read</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">ssize_t</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_cookie_file</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">cfile</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">_IO_cookie_file</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">cookie_read_function_t</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">read_cb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cfile</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">__io_functions</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#ifdef PTR_DEMANGLE
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>  <span class="nf">PTR_DEMANGLE</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read_cb</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#endif
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read_cb</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">read_cb</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cfile</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">__cookie</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>由于 FILE 结构是我们伪造的，因此大部分内容可控，关键是如何绕过 <code>PTR_DEMANGLE</code> 的指针加密保护，这在前面的章节中也说过。但世上没有绝对安全的系统，只不过是投入成本的问题罢了。通过查看对应代码的汇编可以发现，<code>PTR_DEMANGEL</code> 主要是将某个 TLS 段的值 ROR 移位后与原指针异或实现的加密。</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-57" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>gef➤  disassemble _IO_cookie_read
   0x00007ffff7e0d7b0 &lt;+0&gt;:     endbr64
   0x00007ffff7e0d7b4 &lt;+4&gt;:     mov    rax,QWORD PTR [rdi+0xe8]
   0x00007ffff7e0d7bb &lt;+11&gt;:    ror    rax,0x11
   0x00007ffff7e0d7bf &lt;+15&gt;:    xor    rax,QWORD PTR fs:0x30
   0x00007ffff7e0d7c8 &lt;+24&gt;:    test   rax,rax
   0x00007ffff7e0d7cb &lt;+27&gt;:    je     0x7ffff7e0d7d6 &lt;_IO_cookie_read+38&gt;
   0x00007ffff7e0d7cd &lt;+29&gt;:    mov    rdi,QWORD PTR [rdi+0xe0]
   0x00007ffff7e0d7d4 &lt;+36&gt;:    jmp    rax
   0x00007ffff7e0d7d6 &lt;+38&gt;:    mov    rax,0xffffffffffffffff
   0x00007ffff7e0d7dd &lt;+45&gt;:    ret</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>因此只要我们可以将这个值泄露出来或者修改为已知值，同样也能绕过指针加密。这样一来就可以伪造 <code>read_cb</code> 函数指针的值，从而实现任意代码执行的目的。</p>
<h2 id="house-of-applecat" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#house-of-applecat" class="header-mark"></a>House of Apple/Cat</h2><p>前面基于 vtable 劫持实现代码执行的方案都有一个重要缺点，那就是这些 vtable 都进行了加固，虽然可以使用微偏移的技巧，但指针加密(PTR_DEMANGLE) 始终是头顶上的一朵乌云。因为 TLS 段的值在远程利用时通常不可知，实际利用可能会需要涉及到地址爆破。</p>
<p>在此背景下，诸多赛棍师傅们有开发出了一系列新的利用方式。这个利用链公开的时间正好是本文撰写时，因此这一节实际上是笔者后来添加的。最早提出的利用方法应该是看雪论坛中的一篇文章 <a href="https://bbs.kanxue.com/thread-273418.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">House of apple 一种新的glibc中IO攻击方</a>，同一时间在 2022 年网鼎杯比赛的时候也出现了一道类似的题，作者赛后给出了 Writeup —— <a href="https://bbs.kanxue.com/thread-273895.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">House of cat新型glibc中IO利用手法解析 &amp;&amp; 第六届强网杯House of cat详解</a>。这两个文章的利用思路都是类似的，即利用 <code>IO wide table</code>。</p>
<p>前面我们介绍 <code>fread</code> 读文件实现知道其最终会调用到 <code>_IO_XSGETN</code>，此时解析虚函数表的时候会触发校验 <code>IO_validate_vtable</code>:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-58" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
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      tw-duration-500 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">fread</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="nf">_IO_fread</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="nf">_IO_sgetn</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">size_t</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define _IO_XSGETN(FP, DATA, N) JUMP2 (__xsgetn, FP, DATA, N)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define JUMP2(FUNC, THIS, X1, X2) (_IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1, X2)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"># define _IO_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS) (IO_validate_vtable (_IO_JUMPS_FILE_plus (THIS)))</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>这个检查导致我们无法随意修改 vtable 的值实现 PC 控制，但注意到这个宏的附近还有这么一个宏:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-59" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define WJUMP0(FUNC, THIS) (_IO_WIDE_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define WJUMP1(FUNC, THIS, X1) (_IO_WIDE_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define WJUMP2(FUNC, THIS, X1, X2) (_IO_WIDE_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS)-&gt;FUNC) (THIS, X1, X2)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define _IO_WIDE_JUMPS_FUNC(THIS) _IO_WIDE_JUMPS(THIS)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define _IO_WIDE_JUMPS(THIS) \
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">  _IO_CAST_FIELD_ACCESS ((THIS), struct _IO_FILE, _wide_data)-&gt;_wide_vtable</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>_IO_WIDE_JUMPS_FUNC</code> 与 <code>_IO_JUMPS_FUNC</code> 的一个最大不同点是前者不需要通过 <code>IO_validate_vtable</code> 的校验！这个特点是 House of Apple、House of Cat 以及后续的一系列利用链构造的基础。</p>
<p>以 House of Cat 为例，我们需要有下面的漏洞原语:</p>
<p>1.能够泄露堆地址和libc基址。
2.能够任意写一个可控地址。
3.能够触发 IO 流(FSOP或触发__malloc_assert，或者程序中存在puts等能进入IO链的函数），执行IO相关函数。</p>
<p>通过这些原语，我们可以修改任意数据，为可控地址，通常是修改 hook 或者 vtable 实现 PC 控制。在新版本的限制下，漏洞利用思路就比较明了了。首先我们可以将 stdio 的虚表修改为某个宽字符相关的虚表，比如 <code>_IO_wfile_jumps</code>，在微偏移的基础上还可以将其修改为该表的错位地址，使得调用能够进入特定的 IO 函数，比如 <code>_IO_wfile_seekoff</code>，该函数片段如下:</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-60" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">off64_t</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nf">_IO_wfile_seekoff</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">off64_t</span> <span class="n">offset</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">dir</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">off64_t</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">off64_t</span> <span class="n">delta</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">new_offset</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">long</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">count</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> 
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mode</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">do_ftell_wide</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">must_be_exact</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_base</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_read_end</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">               <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">               <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span><span class="p">));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">bool</span> <span class="n">was_writing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">               <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">              <span class="o">||</span> <span class="nf">_IO_in_put_mode</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> 
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">was_writing</span> <span class="o">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="nf">_IO_switch_to_wget_mode</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">WEOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// ......
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>从而间接进入 <code>_IO_switch_to_wget_mode</code>，触发 <code>_IO_WOVERFLOW</code> 的查表操作，最终读取 <code>_wide_vtable</code> 中的数据转换成函数指针并调用，实现 PC 控制！</p>
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-61" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp">#define _IO_WOVERFLOW(FP, CH) WJUMP1 (__overflow, FP, CH)
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cp"></span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">_IO_switch_to_wget_mode</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">FILE</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_ptr</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_wide_data</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">_IO_write_base</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">wint_t</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="nf">_IO_WOVERFLOW</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">WEOF</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">WEOF</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">EOF</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>这其中需要关注的是如何通过内存布局去操作控制流转移过程中的一些跳转判断，比如 <code>_IO_wfile_seekoff</code> 中的 <code>was_writing</code>，<code>_IO_switch_to_wget_mode</code> 中的 <code>_IO_write_ptr &gt; _IO_write_base</code> 等。这只是其中一条利用链路，实际上根据这个思路可以挖掘出更多利用链，但个人认为每个利用链都起一个 House 也大可不必，而且这种利用方式可以通过直接给 <code>WJUMP</code> 也加上虚表校验来防御，这就看有没有好事者给 glibc 提 patch 了。</p>
<h2 id="house-of-bnana" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#house-of-bnana" class="header-mark"></a>House of Bnana</h2><p>最后一种技巧和 FILE 结构没什么关系，但我觉得很有趣，所以也介绍一下，让大家感受一下世界的参差。这种技巧依赖于 Largebin attack 可以往任一地址写堆地址的能力，主的目标是伪造 <code>ld.so</code> 中的 <code>rtld_global</code> 结构体。我们知道 ELF 中有也有 ctor 和 dtor，主要是可以让动态链接的程序在加载初期和结束前运行指定代码，这种攻击方法就是瞄准了程序结束后执行的 <code>.finit_array</code> 数组，相关代码片段如下:</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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      class="
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
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        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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        class="
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        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-62" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">l_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">DT_FINI_ARRAY</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">ElfW</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Addr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">array</span> <span class="o">=</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">ElfW</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Addr</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">l_addr</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">l</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">l_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">DT_FINI_ARRAY</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">d_un</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">d_ptr</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">l_info</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">d_un</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">d_val</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="o">/</span> <span class="k">sizeof</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">ElfW</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Addr</span><span class="p">)));</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">while</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="o">--</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">((</span><span class="kt">fini_t</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>如果能够伪造对应的 <code>FINIT_ARRAY</code>，同样也能实现任意代码执行。当然实现上要解决 <code>ld.so</code> 与 <code>libc.so</code> 之间的 ASLR 偏移问题，据说可以通过爆破第二低字节解决，不过笔者只是出于叶公好龙的口嗨状态，还没有实际尝试过，等测试后再回来补充吧。</p>
<h1 id="小结" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%b0%8f%e7%bb%93" class="header-mark"></a>小结</h1><p>由于 glibc 中的代码较多，也就给攻击者提供了许多藏污纳垢之地，仅仅是 I/O 这块就包含了各种不同的漏洞利用姿势。但回头来看，IO_FILE 的战场最初是围绕函数指针(虚表)展开的，且随着不断加固，为了绕过又不得不引入复杂的内存布局。放眼未来的话其实可以打开思路，不仅局限于某个特定结构，甚至不必局限于 libc，文末的 Bnana 就是一个很好的示例。相信随着网络安全行业的发展，会涌现出更多的新人才和新思路，当然 CTF 比赛也会更卷一些了 :)</p>
<h1 id="参考文章" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%8f%82%e8%80%83%e6%96%87%e7%ab%a0" class="header-mark"></a>参考文章</h1><ul>
<li><a href="https://gsec.hitb.org/materials/sg2018/D1%20-%20FILE%20Structures%20-%20Another%20Binary%20Exploitation%20Technique%20-%20An-Jie%20Yang.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Play with FILE Structure - Yet Another Binary Exploit Technique</a></li>
<li><a href="https://firmianay.gitbooks.io/ctf-all-in-one/content/doc/4.13_io_file.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">利用 _IO_FILE 结构 - CTF-All-In-One</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/242640" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">house of pig 一个新的堆利用详解</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/235598" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">House OF Kiwi</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.cnhackhy.com/109829.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">第七届“湖湘杯” House _OF _Emma | 设计思路与解析</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/222948" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">House of Bnana</a></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<blockquote>
  <p><strong>版权声明</strong>: 自由转载-非商用-非衍生-保持署名 (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CC 4.0 BY-SA</a>)<br>
<strong>原文地址</strong>: <a href="https://evilpan.com/2022/07/30/glibc-exp-tricks/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://evilpan.com/2022/07/30/glibc-exp-tricks/</a><br>
<strong>微信订阅</strong>: <strong>『<a href="/qrcode.jpg" rel="">有价值炮灰</a>』</strong><br>
&ndash; <em>TO BE CONTINUED</em>.</p>
</blockquote><hr>]]></description>
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