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    <channel>
        <title>RE - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</title>
        <link>https://evilpan.com/tags/re/</link>
        <description>RE - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</description>
        <generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator><language>zh-CN</language><managingEditor>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</managingEditor>
            <webMaster>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</webMaster><copyright>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Fri, 04 Nov 2022 12:40:00 &#43;0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://evilpan.com/tags/re/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
    <title>IDA 中的大规模路径搜索方法</title>
    <link>https://evilpan.com/2022/11/04/path-finder/</link>
    <pubDate>Fri, 04 Nov 2022 12:40:00 &#43;0800</pubDate><author>
        <name>evilpan</name>
    </author><guid>https://evilpan.com/2022/11/04/path-finder/</guid>
    <description><![CDATA[<p>本文主要解决的是这么一个问题: 在 IDA 中如何查找两个函数之间的调用路径？</p>
<p>问题似乎很简单，IDA 工具本身就提供了查看调用链路的功能，懂得 IDAPython 的也可以很容易写出下面的程序：</p>
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      </button>

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        title="Copy code">
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-1" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
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      tw-transition-[max-height] 
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      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">path</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">path</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">start</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">path</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">xref</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">idautils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CodeRefsTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="n">caller</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ida_funcs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xref</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">find_path</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_ea</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>不过，这样就行了吗？</p>
<h1 id="缺陷" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e7%bc%ba%e9%99%b7" class="header-mark"></a>缺陷</h1><p>上述代码在大部分情况下基本都能实现目标，但其中存在几个缺陷。</p>
<p>首先，其中没有考虑函数本身循环/递归调用的情况，在遇到调用环时会进入死循环。这个问题好解决，只需要在全局定义一个 <code>set</code>，然后将每次遇到的节点（函数）存放进去，并且每次遇到新节点时都会先判断一下当前节点是否已经在 <code>set</code> 之中，如果在则表示当前路径存在环，可以考虑提前退出。</p>
<p>这个问题解决了，还有另外一个问题。上述代码本质上是通过递归调用 IDA 的交叉引用接口去查找上一级路径的，这在代码不多的时候问题不大，可一旦遇到过长的调用链路，就可能出现递归调用过深导致栈耗尽而出现异常。</p>
<p>更为雪上加霜的是，使用递归会使得我们实际的搜索算法是深度优先的，因此即便有很短的调用链路，可能也会因为节点遍历顺序靠后而无法搜索到。</p>
<h1 id="双栈算法" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%8f%8c%e6%a0%88%e7%ae%97%e6%b3%95" class="header-mark"></a>双栈算法</h1><p>为了解决递归搜索引起的栈溢出问题，就需要将搜索方法切换为非递归的算法。读者可能已经意识到了，寻找调用路径的问题，其实可以抽象为图论中的寻路问题。更准确地说，是有向图中的寻路问题。</p>
<p>如果是查找最短路径，我们可以用 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Dijkstra</a> 算法或者 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A-星</a> 算法。不过笔者最初的目标是查找所有路径，因此用到了另一个算法，称为双栈算法。其大致流程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>建立两个栈，起始节点放到主栈，起始节点的相邻结点（以列表形式）放到辅栈。使得主栈和辅栈的高度相等；</li>
<li>从辅栈栈顶的列表中取出一个元素（节点），并压到主栈中。此时主栈比辅栈多一层，因此辅栈需要放入主栈栈顶的相邻节点。</li>
<li>此时如果辅栈栈顶中的节点有已经在主栈中的，需要将其拿掉；</li>
<li>goto 2，直到辅栈栈顶为空列表，将主栈和辅栈的空列表同时移除，这个过程称为削栈；</li>
<li>goto 2，继续重复建栈和削栈过程，直到主栈的栈顶节点是目标节点，此时表示找到了一条路径，即主栈中栈底到栈顶的所有元素。</li>
<li>继续重复上述过程，直到主栈为空，即找到了所有的路径。</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
  <p>关于该算法的具体实现原理可以参考<a href="https://blog.csdn.net/abcbocheng/article/details/101102181" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">这篇文章</a>。</p>
</blockquote><p>该算法的优势是通过循环和双栈结构替换递归实现查找，不用担心后者空间耗尽的问题。同时在第 3 步的时候由于在辅栈中去掉了与主栈栈顶重复的结点，也巧妙地避免带环的路径。</p>
<h1 id="实现" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%ae%9e%e7%8e%b0" class="header-mark"></a>实现</h1><p>Talk is cheap？下面是笔者实现的完整代码：</p>
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">py</p>
      </button>

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        class="
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        title="Copy code">
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  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-2" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">ida_funcs</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">idautils</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Finder</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="fm">__init__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c1"># main stack</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="c1"># neighbor stack</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">visited</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_neighbors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">neighbors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">xref</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">idautils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">CodeRefsTo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="n">caller</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ida_funcs</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xref</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">start_ea</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">neighbors</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">build_dual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">neighbors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_neighbors</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="c1"># assert(len(self.s1) == len(self.s2))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">cut_dual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="n">node</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">visited</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sink</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;start searching path </span><span class="si">{:#x}</span><span class="s2"> -&gt; </span><span class="si">{:#x}</span><span class="s2">&#34;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">source</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sink</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">clear</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="c1"># build dual stack</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">build_dual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sink</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        <span class="k">while</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="n">neighbors</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="n">new_node</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">pop</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">neighbors</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># remains</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">build_dual</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">new_node</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="c1"># empty neighbors</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1"># dummy</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cut_dual</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="k">continue</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">            <span class="k">if</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">source</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="c1"># found a path</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="k">yield</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">reversed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">s1</span><span class="p">))</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">cut_dual</span><span class="p">()</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>使用时只需要指定起始函数地址和末尾（目标）函数地址即可。例如，打印二者中的所有路径：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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        tw-flex
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        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">py</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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        class="
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    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-3" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">e</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Finder</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">path</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">):</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="p">)</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h1 id="案例分析" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a1%88%e4%be%8b%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90" class="header-mark"></a>案例分析</h1><p>下面看几个路径搜索的具体案例。二进制文件应该是来自个 CTF 比赛题目，但是具体题目链接不记得了。</p>
<h2 id="faster1" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#faster1" class="header-mark"></a>faster1</h2><p>IDA 打开，main 函数打开长这样：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-4" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">sub_42AE87</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">counter</span><span class="o">++</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nf">read_int</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_403272</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_422274</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_433C45</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_417D30</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_41191B</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_4206A2</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_42CCEB</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">7</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_419C84</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_41B326</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_431443</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_42AE87</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>read_int</code> 是用户输入一个数字，其中每个 case 中的函数都长得差不多，如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-5" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">sub_403272</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">v0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// eax
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">v0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">counter</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">v0</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">343</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nf">read_int</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_43189C</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_411F32</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// ....
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_422DC7</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_42AE87</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>每个函数开头会判断 counter 是否匹配，匹配才进入下一个。最后一个函数称为 <code>win</code>，其中存在一个栈溢出可以出发漏洞，漏洞利用部分不是重点，这里先忽略。该函数调用者为：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-6" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">sub_40CACF</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">v0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// eax
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">v0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">counter</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">v0</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">999</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nf">read_int</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">9</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">win</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_42AE87</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>所以题目的逻辑很简单，只需要从 main 函数调用到上述函数时候计数正好是 999 即可，由于每层加一，也就是需要调用层数正好为 1000，让我们反推出输入的数字组合。</p>
<p>这道题我最初是通过编写 IDAPython 脚本不断反向寻址找出的路径解出的，因为有限制条件，因此不会出现路径爆炸的问题。使用 <code>Finder</code> 也可以寻找出路径，只需要增加前级的约束，即过滤相邻节点即可。</p>
<h2 id="faster2" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#faster2" class="header-mark"></a>faster2</h2><p>这题是在上一题的基础上做了一点修改，主要改动是每个函数开头不再检测 counter 的值，而只是单纯加一，每个函数基本都长这样：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-7" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">sub_40FD44</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">counter</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">switch</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="nf">read_int</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_41F786</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="k">case</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_40BF4E</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="c1">//...9
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>    <span class="k">default</span><span class="o">:</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="nf">sub_4098AE</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">break</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>但是，最后在 <code>win</code> 函数中检查了 counter 的值：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-8" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kt">ssize_t</span> <span class="nf">win</span><span class="p">()</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">207</span><span class="p">];</span> <span class="c1">// [rsp+0h] [rbp-D0h] BYREF
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>  <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="n">v2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1">// [rsp+CFh] [rbp-1h]
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">counter</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">1000</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">getchar</span><span class="p">();</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">v2</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="mi">10</span> <span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="nf">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#34;WOW,U R GREAT !</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x10uLL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nf">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">buf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x200uLL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>也就是说，要求从起始到末尾的调用层数同样是 <code>1000</code>，由于每个函数少了 <code>counter</code> 的判断和约束，因此回溯时就无法判断和过滤无效分支，只能通过暴力去搜索。前文中使用的递归搜索方法在遇到这种量级的层数调用时候毫无疑问会耗尽栈空间而失败。</p>
<p>值得一提的是，在使用 <code>Finder</code> 进行搜索时，因为时间关系无法直接找到层数正好的调用链路，但可以找到许多有效路径。由于在程序中存在大量的环形调用，因此我们可以随便找到一个大小合适的环，只需要其长度倍数与有效路径之和满足条件即可形成一条长度为 1000 的调用链路。具体解题细节就不在此赘述了。</p>
<h1 id="小结" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%b0%8f%e7%bb%93" class="header-mark"></a>小结</h1><p>本文主要是记录和分享了一种在 IDA 中通过非递归去实现的路径搜索算法，其算法核心是将递归的搜索替换为栈+循环的方式，可以应用在大规模的程序中避免递归内存耗尽。另外通过修改 <code>get_neighbors</code> 方法也可以方便地拓展到 Ghidra 或者 BinaryNinja 中。</p>
<p>其实这也不算什么很新颖的东西，不过能将算法应用到自己写的脚本中感觉还是很奇妙的。</p>
<hr>
<blockquote>
  <p><strong>版权声明</strong>: 自由转载-非商用-非衍生-保持署名 (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CC 4.0 BY-SA</a>)<br>
<strong>原文地址</strong>: <a href="https://evilpan.com/2022/11/04/path-finder/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://evilpan.com/2022/11/04/path-finder/</a><br>
<strong>微信订阅</strong>: <strong>『<a href="http://t.evilpan.com/qrcode.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">有价值炮灰</a>』</strong><br>
&ndash; <em>TO BE CONTINUED</em>.</p>
</blockquote><hr>]]></description>
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