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        <title>Vboot - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</title>
        <link>https://evilpan.com/tags/vboot/</link>
        <description>Vboot - 标签 - 有价值炮灰</description>
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            <webMaster>i@pppan.net (evilpan)</webMaster><copyright>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</copyright><lastBuildDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2020 12:40:00 &#43;0800</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://evilpan.com/tags/vboot/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><item>
    <title>浅谈 Android 的安全启动和完整性保护</title>
    <link>https://evilpan.com/2020/11/14/android-secure-boot/</link>
    <pubDate>Sat, 14 Nov 2020 12:40:00 &#43;0800</pubDate><author>
        <name>evilpan</name>
    </author><guid>https://evilpan.com/2020/11/14/android-secure-boot/</guid>
    <description><![CDATA[<div class="featured-image">
                <img src="/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/4.png" referrerpolicy="no-referrer">
            </div><p>在 IoT 中保证设备安全性的重要一环就是保证代码的完整性，不让恶意代码影响业务的正常逻辑。一般而言是及时修复现有攻击面所面临的漏洞，比如浏览器、蓝牙、调试接口；另一方面需要确保的是即便恶意代码获取了执行权限，也无法修改系统镜像进行持久化。针对这点所构造的安全方案通常称为 <strong>Secure Boot</strong>，对于不同的厂商，实现上可能会引入不同的名字，比如 Verified Boot、High Assurance Boot 等等，但本质上都是类似的。</p>
<h1 id="secure-boot" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#secure-boot" class="header-mark"></a>Secure Boot</h1><p>Secure Boot 顾名思义就是安全启动，确保设备启动之后所加载执行的代码都是可信的。其中涉及的主要概念有两个：信任链和信任根。前者保障执行流程的可靠交接，后者则保障初始信任代码的可信。</p>
<h2 id="chain-of-trust" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#chain-of-trust" class="header-mark"></a>Chain Of Trust</h2><p>可信启动的一个核心思路就是在当前启动代码加载下一级代码之前，对所加载的代码进行完整性校验，并且使用PKI公钥基础设施进行核实。这些启动代码通常可以分为若干个阶段(stage)，例如在ARM中有：</p>
<ul>
<li>BL1：CPU复位之后执行的第一段代码，即复位向量所指向的位置。通常该位置在ROM里，执行过程中将自身数据复制到SRAM，并进行最小的初始化，比如寄存器和CPU等的初始化操作，随后加载BL2代码执行。</li>
<li>BL2：主要工作是执行架构和平台相关的初始化，比如配置MMU完成内存地址和权限的映射，完成外部存储器的初始化等。随后加载BL3代码并执行。</li>
<li>BL3：执行运行时的初始化操作，并加载内核执行。</li>
<li>内核 -&gt; init -&gt; &hellip;</li>
</ul>
<p>实际上每个启动阶段还会进行细分，但这里的重点是需要清楚信任链的作用是在每一阶段代码加载执行下一阶段代码时都会进行验证。</p>
<h2 id="root-of-trust" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#root-of-trust" class="header-mark"></a>Root Of Trust</h2><p>信任链的作用是对下一阶段要执行的代码进行校验，那么就会回归到一个问题：最初的代码由谁来校验？其实上面有提到，最初的代码即BL1的代码，是保存在BootROM中，出厂烧写后不可修改的。因此BootROM代码需要尽可能简单，只需要进行必要的初始化操作。</p>
<p>这样一来，信任根就变成了可以烧写BootROM代码的芯片厂商。信任是可以传递的，芯片厂商作为信任根将代码执行权限交给下一级之后，比如OEM厂商，下级代码就拥有了信任链所有权，也就是说下级代码就变成了新的信任根。但是ROM的空间有限，所以通常还使用OTP(One-Time-Programmable)来保存不同阶段的签名信息。OTP是支持一次性编程的硬件，如多晶硅熔断器(poly-silicon fuses)，烧毁之后无法恢复，从而保证写入后无法被篡改。</p>
<h1 id="android" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#android" class="header-mark"></a>Android</h1><p>Android作为一个应用广泛的平台，同样支持<a href="https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Verified Boot</a>。以硬件提供保护作为信任根，实现从bootloader到boot分区以及其他分区(system、vendor、oem等)完整信任链路，在每一步转交执行权限之前都会对数据和代码的完整性(integrity)和真实性(authenticity)进行验证。几个关键结点如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>Android 4.4：提供内核dm-verity特性，实现Verified Boot，启动时如果分区损坏会提示用户。</li>
<li>Android 7.0：禁止未验证的设备启动，同时引入前向纠错功能，支持自动修复非恶意的数据损坏。</li>
<li>Android 8.0：引入支持Treble的Verified Boot，称为AVB(Android Verified Boot)或者<code>Verified Boot 2.0</code>，对分区尾部的数据格式进行格式化，并增加版本回滚保护的功能。</li>
</ul>
<p>这只是Android官方的feature时间结点，事实上许多OEM厂商也会针对启动功能进行自定义的配置，比如使用AOSP中的宏来设置或者在自己的私有bootloader中使用不同的校验方式。</p>
<p>参考：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/kernel/mounting-partitions-early" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/architecture/kernel/mounting-partitions-early</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/system-as-root" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/system-as-root</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="ab-system" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#ab-system" class="header-mark"></a>A/B System</h1><p>A/B系统是在Android N中推出的一个新特性，主要目的是优化OTA升级的过程，实现无缝升级(seamless update)。</p>
<p>在使用A/B之前，系统的OTA升级过程如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>下载更新包到<code>cache</code>或者<code>data</code>分区。系统校验更新包的证书<code>/system/etc/security/otacerts.zip</code>，校验通过后提示用户可以进行升级。</li>
<li>用户点击升级后系统重启到recovery，并根据<code>/cache/recovery/command</code>中的内容找到OTA包</li>
<li>recovery再次使用公钥<code>/res/keys</code>校验签名</li>
<li>根据OTA包中的指令进行更新</li>
</ol>
<p>值得一提的是，对开启了dm-verity校验的文件系统进行文件修改会导致校验失败，也就说在OTA之后设备将无法正常启动；为了解决这个问题需要将file-based OTA改为block-based OTA。</p>
<p>参考：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/nonab" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/nonab</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/nonab/block" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/nonab/block</a></li>
</ul>
<p>在非AB系统的升级过程中，如果升级失败，则系统无法继续正常启动，解决的唯一办法只有重新升级(线刷或卡刷)。AB系统正是为此而生的。在AB系统中，系统分为两套分区(<code>slot</code>)，通常是<code>slot A</code>和<code>slot B</code>。这样的好处是在OTA中无需修改当前slot，以便在升级失败后可以回退到正常可启动的分区。</p>
<p>每个slot都有下面三个属性：</p>
<ul>
<li>active：表示该slot是活跃分区，即下一次启动时bootloader将优先加载的分区</li>
<li>bootable：表示该slot中包含可以启动的系统镜像</li>
<li>successful：表示该slot中的系统成功启动过</li>
</ul>
<p>升级过程可以分为以下几步：</p>
<ol>
<li>OTA下载开始后，当前的slot将被标记为successful，另一个slot标记为unbootable</li>
<li>下载payload metadata，包含OTA的操作指令</li>
<li>下载payload extra data，对应metadata命令中涉及到的数据，并进行对应更新(支持流式更新)</li>
<li>对更新后的分区进行校验</li>
<li>在当前系统中执行post-install，即新系统的某个可执行文件，如**/postinstall_mount/usr/bin/postinstall**</li>
<li>post-install失败后需要重新尝试其他payload，成功后则将unused slot标记为active并重启</li>
<li>重启更新成功后<code>update_verifier</code>执行dm-verity验证(在zygote之前)，验证成功后将当前slot标记为successful，完成升级</li>
</ol>
<p>A/B系统带来的好处不言而喻，可直觉上对每个分区都分成两份似乎造成了很大的空间浪费。由于实施了A/B分区，也减少了一部分磁盘的开销，比如：</p>
<ul>
<li>不再需要cache分区</li>
<li>不再有单独的recovery分区，但boot分区中包含recovery的ramfs</li>
<li>system分区直接挂载到根分区，因此boot中原本的ramfs也不再需要，即<a href="https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/system-as-root#about-system-as-root" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">system as root</a>。</li>
</ul>
<p>A/B中的boot分区也就相当于以前的recovery分区。以Pixel手机为例，Google给出的实际A/B额外开销只有300多MB，如下所示：</p>

<div class="table-wrapper">
  <table>
    <thead>
        <tr>
            <th style="text-align: left">Pixel partition sizes</th>
            <th style="text-align: left">A/B</th>
            <th style="text-align: left">Non-A/B</th>
        </tr>
    </thead>
    <tbody>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Bootloader</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">50*2</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">50</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Boot</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">32*2</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">32</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Recovery</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">0</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">32</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Cache</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">0</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">100</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Radio</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">70*2</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">70</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">Vendor</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">300*2</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">300</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left">System</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">2048*2</td>
            <td style="text-align: left">4096</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td style="text-align: left"><strong>Total</strong></td>
            <td style="text-align: left"><strong>5000</strong></td>
            <td style="text-align: left"><strong>4680</strong></td>
        </tr>
    </tbody>
  </table>
</div>
<p>显然，A/B系统需要bootloader支持。通常bootloader对于各个Vendor而言是不同的，而且通常是闭源的。Google需要厂商实现HAL接口<code>boot_control</code>以支持A/B系统，接口文件为：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/hardware/libhardware/&#43;/master/include/hardware/boot_control.h" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://android.googlesource.com/platform/hardware/libhardware/+/master/include/hardware/boot_control.h</a></li>
</ul>
<p>同时也需要实现bootloader中AB升级相关的状态机：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/2.png'   alt="fsm.png"  ></p>
<p>值得一提的是，system-as-root并不是只有AB系统能用，非AB系统通过更新分区实现，见 <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/system-as-root#about-system-as-root" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/system-as-root#about-system-as-root</a></p>
<p>参考：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/209673/why-cant-i-write-to-recovery-using-fastboot-on-a-b-device" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/209673/why-cant-i-write-to-recovery-using-fastboot-on-a-b-device</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/ab" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/ab</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/flashing-updating" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/bootloader/flashing-updating</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/ab/ab_faqs#how-did-ab-affect-the-2016-pixel-partition-sizes" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/ab/ab_faqs#how-did-ab-affect-the-2016-pixel-partition-sizes</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="dm-verity" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#dm-verity" class="header-mark"></a>dm-verity</h1><p>在介绍信任链的时候我们说到，每次加载新的代码或数据之前都需要对其进行验证。对于比较小的分区，如boot或者dtbo，可以直接加载到内存并计算他们的hash，然后将其与预置的hash进行比对。预置的hash通常存放在对应分区文件的头部或者尾部，或者存放在独立的分区中。不论他们的位置在哪，都是会使用信任根进行直接或间接签名的。</p>
<p>但是对于较大的分区，比如system分区，实际上包含了整个文件系统，是无法全部读取到内存里的。这时就需要其他的方法，在Android中使用的是hash tree。当数据加载到内存时，系统就会计算该hash tree的root hash，并与预置的root hash进行比对验证。</p>
<h2 id="device-mapper" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#device-mapper" class="header-mark"></a>Device Mapper</h2><p>在介绍<code>dm-verity</code>之前有必要先了解其中的<code>dm</code>，即<code>Device Mapper</code>的作用。Device Mapper是Linux内核中提供的一个映射框架，可以方便用户程序通过ioctl自行创建和管理设备之间的映射。其中涉及到3个核心元素：</p>
<ul>
<li>Mapped Device</li>
<li>Target Driver</li>
<li>Target Device</li>
</ul>
<p>其中Mapped Device是创建的虚拟设备，通过Target Driver描述的映射关系，创建到Target Device的映射。Target Device可以是最终的物理设备，也可以是其他的Mapped Device，也就是说映射关系是可以级联的。</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/3.png'   alt="kernel.svg"  ></p>
<blockquote>
  <p>from: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IO_stack_of_the_Linux_kernel.svg</a></p>
</blockquote><p>BIO是对于块设备的基本IO操作单位，Device Mapper拓展的核心就是提供了BIO的具体映射，包括线性映射<code>dm-linear</code>，测试映射<code>dm-flakey</code>、<code>dm-error</code>、<code>dm-delay</code>以及加密映射<code>dm-crypt</code>等等。</p>
<p>基于Device Mapper框架实现的应用有逻辑卷管理器LVM、软件阵列RAID以及Docker(COW)等。当然，我们所讨论的<code>dm-verity</code>也是其中一个。</p>
<h2 id="device-mapper-verity" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#device-mapper-verity" class="header-mark"></a>Device Mapper Verity</h2><p><code>dm-verity</code>的代码在内核中为<code>drivers/md/dm-verity.c</code>(以Linux4.4为例，在upstream中进行了重构)，主要作用是用来验证文件系统中data block的完整性，主要验证的调用链路如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>verity_map</li>
<li>verity_end_io</li>
<li>verity_work</li>
<li>verity_verify_io
<ul>
<li>crypto_shash_final(desc, result)</li>
<li>memcmp(result, io_want_digest(v, io), v-&gt;digest_size)</li>
<li>v-&gt;hash_failed = 1</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>当block验证失败后，内核会根据<code>v-&gt;mode</code>选择是打印错误(DM_VERITY_MODE_LOGGING)还是重启系统(DM_VERITY_MODE_RESTART)。</p>
<p>预置的root hash则是在mapped device的构造函数<code>verity_ctr</code>中传入的，如下所示：</p>
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          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

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        class="
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          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-14" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="cm">/*
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   * Target parameters:
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;version&gt;   The current format is version 1.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *          Vsn 0 is compatible with original Chromium OS releases.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;data device&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;hash device&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;data block size&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;hash block size&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;the number of data blocks&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;hash start block&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;algorithm&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;digest&gt;
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   *  &lt;salt&gt;      Hex string or &#34;-&#34; if no salt.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="cm">   */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">verity_ctr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">dm_target</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ti</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">unsigned</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    	<span class="c1">// 处理arg[0-7] ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>      <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">root_digest</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">kmalloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">digest_size</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">GFP_KERNEL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="o">!</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">root_digest</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="n">ti</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#34;Cannot allocate root digest&#34;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">ENOMEM</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="k">goto</span> <span class="n">bad</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nf">strlen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">])</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">digest_size</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">||</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="nf">hex2bin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">root_digest</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">digest_size</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="n">ti</span><span class="o">-&gt;</span><span class="n">error</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&#34;Invalid root digest&#34;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="n">r</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">EINVAL</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">          <span class="k">goto</span> <span class="n">bad</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">      <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    	<span class="c1">// ...
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>  <span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="hash-tree" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#hash-tree" class="header-mark"></a>Hash Tree</h2><p>dm-verity将系统镜像切分为4k的块(block)大小，并对每一个块计算hash，这些hash以树状结构组合，称为hash tree，即哈希树。哈希树中的每个结点都是一个哈希，对于叶子结点值是对应块的hash，对于中间结点其值是所有子结点的hash。因此中间结点所包含的子节点(hash)容量也是一个块，和所采用的hash算法以及对应块大小有关。一个含有32768个块，块大小为4096字节且采用sha246 hash算法的哈希树结构示例如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
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    tw-flex-1 
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    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
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      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">txt</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
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      <button 
        class="
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          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
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          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-15" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">alg = sha256, num_blocks = 32768, block_size = 4096
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                                 [   root    ]
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                                /    . . .    \
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                     [entry_0]                 [entry_1]
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                    /  . . .  \                 . . .   \
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">         [entry_0_0]   . . .  [entry_0_127]    . . . .  [entry_1_127]
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">           / ... \             /   . . .  \             /           \
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">     blk_0 ... blk_127  blk_16256   blk_16383      blk_32640 . . . blk_32767</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>由此可见，任意一个块结点的修改都会导致其hash变化，从而导致root hash变化，因此验证hash tree的完整性可以通过验证root hash来实现。</p>
<p>在AOSP构建环境中，生成hash tree的工具为<code>build_verity_tree</code>，代码在<code>system/extras/verity/build_verity_tree.cpp</code>。</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-16" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ build_verity_tree -h
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">usage: build_verity_tree <span class="o">[</span> &lt;options&gt; <span class="o">]</span> -s &lt;size&gt; <span class="p">|</span> &lt;data&gt; &lt;verity&gt;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">options:
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -a,--salt-str<span class="o">=</span>&lt;string&gt;       <span class="nb">set</span> salt to &lt;string&gt;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -A,--salt-hex<span class="o">=</span>&lt;hex digits&gt;   <span class="nb">set</span> salt to &lt;hex digits&gt;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -h                           show this <span class="nb">help</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -s,--verity-size<span class="o">=</span>&lt;data size&gt; print the size of the verity tree
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -v,                          <span class="nb">enable</span> verbose logging
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -S                           treat &lt;data image&gt; as a sparse file</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>输出verity哈希树镜像文件<code>verity.img</code>，并在标准输出打印哈希树的root hash以及使用的salt。</p>
<h2 id="verity-table" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#verity-table" class="header-mark"></a>Verity Table</h2><p>Verity Table也称为<code>dm-verity mapping table</code>，该映射表包含目标设备的位置、对应hash表的位置、hash tree的root hash值和salt等。其值是一个字符串，在AOSP中通过<code>build_verity_metadata.py</code>脚本生成。</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-17" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ ./system/extras/verity/build_verity_metadata.py build -h
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">usage: build_verity_metadata.py build <span class="o">[</span>-h<span class="o">]</span> <span class="o">[</span>--signer_args SIGNER_ARGS<span class="o">]</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                                      blocks metadata_image root_hash salt
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                                      block_device signer_path signing_key
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">positional arguments:
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  blocks                data image blocks
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  metadata_image        metadata image
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  root_hash             root <span class="nb">hash</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  salt                  salt
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  block_device          block device
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  signer_path           verity signer path
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  signing_key           verity signing key
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">optional arguments:
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  -h, --help            show this <span class="nb">help</span> message and <span class="nb">exit</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  --signer_args SIGNER_ARGS
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">                        verity signer args</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>一个完整的verity table字符串以及每个字段的含义示例如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
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          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-18" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>0 417792 verity 1 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc 4096 4096 52224 1 sha256 2aa4f7b7b6...f4952060e8 762307f4bc8...d2a6b7595d8..
|    |     |    |     |     |        |    |    |    |    |              |                        |  
start|     |    |  data_dev |  data_block | #blocks | hash_alg      root_digest                salt  
     size  |  version    hash_dev         |     hash_offset  
         target                       hash_block  </code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>可以看到从<code>version</code>开始后面的内容和传递到内核<code>dm-verity</code>驱动构造函数中的参数是一致的，在上面有介绍到。每个参数的详细含义除了源码也可以参考内核的文档<code>Documentation/device-mapper/verity.txt</code>。</p>
<h1 id="vboot-10" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#vboot-10" class="header-mark"></a>VBoot 1.0</h1><p>Verified Boot中对于不同的磁盘镜像有不同的校验方式。比如对于较小的镜像，如boot、recovery，可以直接加载到内存中进行校验；而对于较大的镜像，比如system、vendor等，则无法一次性载入内存计算hash，因此需要借助dm-verity实现块级别的校验。下面分别介绍两种类型校验的实现。</p>
<h2 id="systemimg" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#systemimg" class="header-mark"></a>system.img</h2><p>在Android中基于dm-verity实现可信启动的步骤如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>生成ext4系统镜像</li>
<li>生成该镜像的<code>哈希树</code></li>
<li>生成目标哈希树的<code>dm-verity表</code>(即前面提到的<code>verity table</code>字符串)</li>
<li>对dm-verity表进行签名</li>
<li>将dm-verity表及其签名打包为元数据(verity metadata)</li>
<li>将系统镜像、元数据和哈希树进行打包，生成最终的镜像</li>
</ol>
<p>这些操作可以用下图来表示：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/0.png'   alt="avb.png"  ></p>
<p>前3步在上面的章节中已经有介绍了，第4步中对verity表签名使用的是<code>RSA-2048</code>算法，公钥在最终烧写在目标机器的根目录下<code>/verity_key</code>。值得一提的是，其私钥在AOSP中的<code>build/target/product/security</code>目录里，该目录除了包括verity_key，还有testkey、platform、shared、media相关的key。不同之处是后面4个key使用<code>development/tools/make_key</code>脚本生成，而verity可以用<code>make_key</code>也可以用<code>out/host/linux-x86/bin/generate_verity_key</code>生成(需要先编译<code>make generate_verity_key</code>)。</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
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    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
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        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-19" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 生成verity_key.pub</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">generate_verity_key -convert verity.x509.pem verity_key
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">mv verity_key.pub verity_key</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>其中<code>verity.x509.pem</code>是公钥的x509格式，转换的内部实现摘要如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
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    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
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  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-20" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
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      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
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      "><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// system/extras/verity/generate_verity_key.c
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">static</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">convert_x509</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">pem_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="k">const</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">key_file</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">fopen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pem_file</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#34;r&#34;</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">cert</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">PEM_read_X509</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">cert</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">pkey</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">X509_get_pubkey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cert</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="n">rsa</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nf">EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pkey</span><span class="p">);</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="nf">write_public_keyfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">rsa</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">key_file</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>verity_key</code>包含RSA公钥信息，使用的是Android的特殊编码方法<code>android_pubkey_encode</code>。</p>
<p>参考：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/sign_builds" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/sign_builds</a></li>
<li><a href="https://copperheados.com/building" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://copperheados.com/building</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_system_core/blob/master/libcrypto_utils/android_pubkey.c" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://github.com/aosp-mirror/platform_system_core/blob/master/libcrypto_utils/android_pubkey.c</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="bootimg" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#bootimg" class="header-mark"></a>boot.img</h2><p>前面说过对于较大的磁盘镜像如system.img需要通过dm-verity在运行时访问磁盘block的过程中进行校验，但是对于较小的镜像，则可以直接加载到内存中进行校验。比如<code>boot.img</code>和<code>recovery.img</code>。对于二者的签名和校验可以通过<code>boot_signer</code>工具完成：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
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    tw-flex 
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      class="
        code-block-button
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          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
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    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
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          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
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        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-21" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ boot_signer -verify out/target/product/angler/boot.img
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Signature is VALID
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 相当于使用verity key进行校验</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ boot_signer -verify out/target/product/angler/boot.img -certificate build/target/product/security/verity.x509.pem
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">NOTE: verifying using public key from build/target/product/security/verity.x509.pem
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Signature is VALID</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p><code>boot_signer</code>是一个使用Java写的小工具，其实现代码为<code>system/extras/verity/BootSignature.java</code>，从代码中可以看到boot.img的签名是保存在原镜像末尾的。</p>
<p>签名数据的格式使用<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Syntax_Notation_One" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">ASN.1</a>定义如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">ASN.1</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-22" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">AndroidVerifiedBootSignature DEFINITIONS ::=
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">BEGIN
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    formatVersion ::= INTEGER
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    certificate ::= Certificate
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    algorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE {
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER,
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    }
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    authenticatedAttributes ::= SEQUENCE {
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        target CHARACTER STRING,
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">        length INTEGER
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    }
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    signature ::= OCTET STRING
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">END</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<h2 id="校验流程" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a0%a1%e9%aa%8c%e6%b5%81%e7%a8%8b" class="header-mark"></a>校验流程</h2><p>在verified boot 1.0中，<code>boot.img</code>的校验通过其头部的证书和签名信息进行验证。boot镜像中包括ramdisk文件系统，其中在根目录下就包含了校验其他镜像所用到的<code>/verity_key</code>。boot.img由内核进行校验和挂载，内核负责启动其中的init进程。</p>
<p>系统启动后通过fs_mgr对system.img中的hashtree进行校验(root hash)，获取verity table，使用其中的信息初始化dm-verity驱动并挂载镜像，从而实现运行时block级别的校验。</p>
<p>如下图所示：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/5.png'   alt="avb1.png"  ></p>
<p>对于AB系统则略有不同，因为boot.img中不再包含根文件系统(而是在system.img)，因此使用内核中的keyring保存verity的公钥信息。而dm-verity驱动的参数则通过DTB进行保存，DTB可以保存在内核镜像之后，也可以作为独立的镜像文件保存。后续对于system分区的校验则是类似的。</p>
<blockquote>
  <p>注意这里是<strong>内核</strong>负责获取system镜像的metadata，提取dm-verity参数并初始化dm-verity驱动</p>
</blockquote><p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/6.png'   alt="avb1.ab.png"  ></p>
<h1 id="vboot-20-avb" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#vboot-20-avb" class="header-mark"></a>VBoot 2.0 (AVB)</h1><p><a href="https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/avb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AVB</a>是安卓8.0之后对于Verified Boot的一个参考实现，也称为Verified Boot2.0。在AVB中一个重要的数据结构就是VBMeta，其中包括了一系列描述符和元信息，并且其中所有的信息都是签名的。描述符包括hash描述符(boot.img、dtbo.img等小镜像)以及hashtree描述符(system.img、vendor.img等大镜像)。除了签名，VBMeta中还包含版本信息以及Rollback Index，从设计上就考虑了降级攻击的威胁。</p>
<h2 id="vbmeta" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#vbmeta" class="header-mark"></a>vbmeta</h2><p>在大部分AVB实现中，都有一个独立的<code>vbmeta.im</code>镜像文件，这个文件格式的定义在 <strong>external/avb/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.h</strong> 中，截取部分代码如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">c</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-23" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="k">typedef</span> <span class="k">struct</span> <span class="n">AvbVBMetaImageHeader</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*   0: Four bytes equal to &#34;AVB0&#34; (AVB_MAGIC). */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint8_t</span> <span class="n">magic</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">AVB_MAGIC_LEN</span><span class="p">];</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*   4: The major version of libavb required for this header. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">required_libavb_version_major</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*   8: The minor version of libavb required for this header. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">required_libavb_version_minor</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*  12: The size of the signature block. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint64_t</span> <span class="n">authentication_data_block_size</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*  20: The size of the auxiliary data block. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint64_t</span> <span class="n">auxiliary_data_block_size</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="cm">/*  28: The verification algorithm used, see |AvbAlgorithmType| enum. */</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="kt">uint32_t</span> <span class="n">algorithm_type</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">    <span class="p">...</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">  <span class="p">}</span></span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>以Pixel 4XL最新的原厂固件为例进行分析，其中的<code>vbmeta.img</code>文件如下：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-24" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>$ head -c 200 vbmeta.img | xxd
00000000: 4156 4230 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000  AVB0............
00000010: 0000 0240 0000 0000 0000 1000 0000 0002  ...@............
00000020: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0020  ...............
00000030: 0000 0000 0000 0020 0000 0000 0000 0200  ....... ........
00000040: 0000 0000 0000 0be8 0000 0000 0000 0408  ................
00000050: 0000 0000 0000 0ff0 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................
00000060: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0be8  ................
00000070: 0000 0000 5eb0 ac80 0000 0000 0000 0000  ....^...........
00000080: 6176 6274 6f6f 6c20 312e 312e 3000 0000  avbtool 1.1.0...
00000090: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................
000000a0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................
000000b0: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ................
000000c0: 0000 0000 0000 0000                      ........</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>使用<code>avbtool</code>工具可以查看镜像的详细信息：</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">text</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M16 132h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16V76c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16C7.163 60 0 67.163 0 76v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16zm0 160h416c8.837 0 16-7.163 16-16v-40c0-8.837-7.163-16-16-16H16c-8.837 0-16 7.163-16 16v40c0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16z"/></svg></button>
      
      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
          <span class="check-icon tw-hidden"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M173.898 439.404l-166.4-166.4c-9.997-9.997-9.997-26.206 0-36.204l36.203-36.204c9.997-9.998 26.207-9.998 36.204 0L192 312.69 432.095 72.596c9.997-9.997 26.207-9.997 36.204 0l36.203 36.204c9.997 9.997 9.997 26.206 0 36.204l-294.4 294.401c-9.998 9.997-26.207 9.997-36.204-.001z"/></svg></span>
      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-25" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><pre tabindex="0"><code>$ avbtool info_image --image vbmeta.img
Minimum libavb version:   1.0
Header Block:             256 bytes
Authentication Block:     576 bytes
Auxiliary Block:          4096 bytes
Algorithm:                SHA256_RSA4096
Rollback Index:           1588636800
Flags:                    0
Release String:           &#39;avbtool 1.1.0&#39;
Descriptors:
    Chain Partition descriptor:
      Partition Name:          vbmeta_system
      Rollback Index Location: 1
      Public key (sha1):       8c44014b96f0f41f3daa3825d4af410233372b65
    Prop: com.android.build.product.fingerprint -&gt; &#39;google/coral/coral:R/RPP4.200409.015/6455311:user/dev-keys&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.product.os_version -&gt; &#39;10&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.product.security_patch -&gt; &#39;2020-05-05&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.vendor.fingerprint -&gt; &#39;google/coral/coral:R/RPP4.200409.015/6455311:user/release-keys&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.vendor.os_version -&gt; &#39;10&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.vendor.security_patch -&gt; &#39;2020-05-05&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.boot.fingerprint -&gt; &#39;google/coral/coral:R/RPP4.200409.015/6455311:user/release-keys&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.boot.os_version -&gt; &#39;10&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.boot.security_patch -&gt; &#39;2020-05-05&#39;
    Prop: com.android.build.dtbo.fingerprint -&gt; &#39;google/coral/coral:R/RPP4.200409.015/6455311:user/release-keys&#39;
    Hash descriptor:
      Image Size:            34037760 bytes
      Hash Algorithm:        sha256
      Partition Name:        boot
      Salt:                  a5d378a2cf0b56ad731bc531760791a68eda4c11903388d92a872c0610c011fb
      Digest:                f9968f0e26ede13f1e8769163e22a0cb53e747af8ea67915fc6a3ccc4b239744
    Hash descriptor:
      Image Size:            3330722 bytes
      Hash Algorithm:        sha256
      Partition Name:        dtbo
      Salt:                  7cfa6cab9ee5db15f872b86afc8767b4a440e8d3411096fe5effd3e9ccf3c35b
      Digest:                215c5440b139eac525ece71f2decfca1c6b553906b188fad12adb2b3048edf3d
    Hashtree descriptor:
      Version of dm-verity:  1
      Image Size:            1976545280 bytes
      Tree Offset:           1976545280
      Tree Size:             15568896 bytes
      Data Block Size:       4096 bytes
      Hash Block Size:       4096 bytes
      FEC num roots:         2
      FEC offset:            1992114176
      FEC size:              15753216 bytes
      Hash Algorithm:        sha1
      Partition Name:        product
      Salt:                  9cc26ca7a5b14b40af3dc0afffd29748a5f56fec335ec3974572ce665d2cb22b
      Root Digest:           7511feaf0fbc611576daac502cbfc328d931604f
    Hashtree descriptor:
      Version of dm-verity:  1
      Image Size:            764170240 bytes
      Tree Offset:           764170240
      Tree Size:             6025216 bytes
      Data Block Size:       4096 bytes
      Hash Block Size:       4096 bytes
      FEC num roots:         2
      FEC offset:            770195456
      FEC size:              6094848 bytes
      Hash Algorithm:        sha1
      Partition Name:        vendor
      Salt:                  9cc26ca7a5b14b40af3dc0afffd29748a5f56fec335ec3974572ce665d2cb22b
      Root Digest:           dfca98b6e4014f2fe6b3d12402368225c47783b1</code></pre></code></pre>
</div>
<p>从中可以看出vbmeta中包含了boot、dtbo镜像的签名，以及product、vendor镜像的hashtree签名。而system和system_ext的签名信息则保存在<code>vbmeta_system.img</code>中。</p>
<h2 id="校验流程-1" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%a0%a1%e9%aa%8c%e6%b5%81%e7%a8%8b-1" class="header-mark"></a>校验流程</h2><p>在AVB2.0中，bootloader必须集成<code>libavb</code>，负责处理<a href="https://android.googlesource.com/platform/external/avb/&#43;/master/libavb/avb_hashtree_descriptor.h" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">hashtree描述符</a>，并转换为dm-verity参数。通过将参数写入内核cmdline启动内核时初始化dm-verity驱动。<code>/system</code>的hashtree描述符可以在<code>/system</code>中，也可以在<code>/vbmeta</code>中。</p>
<p>bootloader中集成的OEM公钥负责用来校验vbmeta和内核(即boot.img)，随后vbmeta中的其他公钥用于校验对应的分区。</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/7.png'   alt="avb2.png"  ></p>
<h2 id="其他" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%85%b6%e4%bb%96" class="header-mark"></a>其他</h2><p>除了使用预置的公钥，新版的AOSP也支持设置用户信任根(user-settable root of trust):</p>
<div class="code-block highlight is-open show-line-numbers  tw-group tw-my-2">
  <div class="
    
    tw-flex 
    tw-flex-row
    tw-flex-1 
    tw-justify-between 
    tw-w-full tw-bg-bgColor-secondary
    ">      
    <button 
      class="
        code-block-button
        tw-mx-2 
        tw-flex
        tw-flex-row
        tw-flex-1"
      aria-hidden="true">
          <div class="group-[.is-open]:tw-rotate-90 tw-transition-[transform] tw-duration-500 tw-ease-in-out print:!tw-hidden tw-w-min tw-h-min tw-my-1 tw-mx-1"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M285.476 272.971L91.132 467.314c-9.373 9.373-24.569 9.373-33.941 0l-22.667-22.667c-9.357-9.357-9.375-24.522-.04-33.901L188.505 256 34.484 101.255c-9.335-9.379-9.317-24.544.04-33.901l22.667-22.667c9.373-9.373 24.569-9.373 33.941 0L285.475 239.03c9.373 9.372 9.373 24.568.001 33.941z"/></svg></div>
          <p class="tw-select-none !tw-my-1">sh</p>
      </button>

   <div class="tw-flex">
      <button 
        class="
          line-number-button
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.show-line-numbers]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle line numbers"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M61.77 401l17.5-20.15a19.92 19.92 0 0 0 5.07-14.19v-3.31C84.34 356 80.5 352 73 352H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8h22.83a157.41 157.41 0 0 0-11 12.31l-5.61 7c-4 5.07-5.25 10.13-2.8 14.88l1.05 1.93c3 5.76 6.29 7.88 12.25 7.88h4.73c10.33 0 15.94 2.44 15.94 9.09 0 4.72-4.2 8.22-14.36 8.22a41.54 41.54 0 0 1-15.47-3.12c-6.49-3.88-11.74-3.5-15.6 3.12l-5.59 9.31c-3.72 6.13-3.19 11.72 2.63 15.94 7.71 4.69 20.38 9.44 37 9.44 34.16 0 48.5-22.75 48.5-44.12-.03-14.38-9.12-29.76-28.73-34.88zM496 224H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0-160H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V80a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zm0 320H176a16 16 0 0 0-16 16v32a16 16 0 0 0 16 16h320a16 16 0 0 0 16-16v-32a16 16 0 0 0-16-16zM16 160h64a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H64V40a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H32a8 8 0 0 0-7.14 4.42l-8 16A8 8 0 0 0 24 64h8v64H16a8 8 0 0 0-8 8v16a8 8 0 0 0 8 8zm-3.91 160H80a8 8 0 0 0 8-8v-16a8 8 0 0 0-8-8H41.32c3.29-10.29 48.34-18.68 48.34-56.44 0-29.06-25-39.56-44.47-39.56-21.36 0-33.8 10-40.46 18.75-4.37 5.59-3 10.84 2.8 15.37l8.58 6.88c5.61 4.56 11 2.47 16.12-2.44a13.44 13.44 0 0 1 9.46-3.84c3.33 0 9.28 1.56 9.28 8.75C51 248.19 0 257.31 0 304.59v4C0 316 5.08 320 12.09 320z"/></svg></button>

      <button 
        class="
          wrap-code-button
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block 
          group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        title="Toggle code wrap"><svg class="icon"
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      <button 
        class="
          copy-code-button
          tw-select-none
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-hidden
          group-[.is-open]:tw-block
          hover:tw-text-fgColor-link 
          print:!tw-hidden"
        title="Copy code">
          <span class="copy-icon tw-block"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"/></svg></span>
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      </button>
        
      <button 
        class="
          tw-select-none 
          tw-mx-2 
          tw-block 
          group-[.is-open]:tw-hidden 
          print:!tw-hidden" 
        disabled
        aria-hidden="true"><svg class="icon"
    xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><!-- Font Awesome Free 5.15.4 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free (Icons: CC BY 4.0, Fonts: SIL OFL 1.1, Code: MIT License) --><path d="M328 256c0 39.8-32.2 72-72 72s-72-32.2-72-72 32.2-72 72-72 72 32.2 72 72zm104-72c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72zm-352 0c-39.8 0-72 32.2-72 72s32.2 72 72 72 72-32.2 72-72-32.2-72-72-72z"/></svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  <pre style="counter-reset: codeblock;" class="tw-block tw-m-0 tw-p-0"><code 
    id="codeblock-id-26" 
    class="
      chroma 
      !tw-block 
      tw-p-0
      tw-m-0
      tw-transition-[max-height] 
      tw-duration-500 
      tw-ease-in-out 
      group-[.is-closed]:!tw-max-h-0 
      group-[.is-wrap]:tw-text-wrap
      tw-overflow-y-hidden
      tw-overflow-x-auto
      tw-scrollbar-thin
      "><span class="line"><span class="cl">avbtool extract_public_key --key key.pem --output pkmd.bin
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">fastboot flash avb_custom_key pkmd.bin
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">fastboot erase avb_custom_key</span></span></code></pre>
</div>
<p>启动校验流程如下：</p>
<p><img class="tw-inline" loading="lazy" src='/img/2020-11-14-android-secure-boot/1.png'   alt="flog.png"  ></p>
<blockquote>
  <p>from: <a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/images/ab-updates-state-machine.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/images/ab-updates-state-machine.png</a></p>
</blockquote><h1 id="总结" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e6%80%bb%e7%bb%93" class="header-mark"></a>总结</h1><p><strong>Secure Boot</strong> 是保障系统完整性和内部软件安全的一个重要屏障，本文主要针对Android智能设备的Secure Boot实现进行梳理和分析。Android Secure Boot实现主要有两个版本，一个是Verified Boot 1.0，另一个是Verified Boot 2.0，也称为AVB。前者主要通过在镜像末尾添加证书和签名等元信息，而后者将这些信息统一成VBMeta，并根据实现可置于独立分区中。由于两种不同的分区策略(AB和non-AB)，两种Secure Boot的具体校验流程也略有不同，但整体大同小异。</p>
<p>虽然设计在理论上比较完善，但设备厂商的具体实现也可能存在缺陷，比如使用了错误的秘钥、eFuse不完全、或者bootloader中添加了隐藏的功能等等，这都将导致系统的完整性遭到破坏，从而影响产品的整体安全性。因此，设备厂商也应该遵循合理的安全开发流程，在发版之前由安全工程师进行审计或者使用自动化工具进行测试验证，使系统的信任根和信任链路得以充分安全实现。</p>
<h1 id="参考资料" class="headerLink">
    <a href="#%e5%8f%82%e8%80%83%e8%b5%84%e6%96%99" class="header-mark"></a>参考资料</h1><ul>
<li><a href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/device-mapper/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Linux Kernel Device Mapper</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/avb" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AOSP &gt; Secure &gt; Features &gt; Verified Boot</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.chromium.org/chromium-os/chromiumos-design-docs/verified-boot-crypto" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chromium OS Firmware Verified Boot Crypto Specification</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.xda-developers.com/how-a-b-partitions-and-seamless-updates-affect-custom-development-on-xda/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How A/B Partitions and Seamless Updates Affect Custom Development on XDA</a></li>
<li><a href="https://source.android.com/devices/tech/ota/ab" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A/B (Seamless) System Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="https://medium.com/@krishna.thokala2010/fault-injection-attacks-on-secure-boot-nullconf-b6bcf4d26c86" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Fault Injection Attacks On Secure Boot</a></li>
<li><a href="https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/215800/how-to-disable-dm-verity-on-android-with-user-build-type-rom" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How dm-verity implemented on ROMs</a></li>
</ul>]]></description>
</item></channel>
</rss>
